Sector
Pharma VC Funds
Venture capital funds investing in pharmaceutical development, drug discovery, and clinical-stage biotech companies.
Huron River Ventures, founded in 2010 and based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, focuses on early-stage investments in agriculture, energy, and manufacturing technology. They primarily invest in the Midwest, supporting startups that offer innovative and sustainable solutions within these sectors. The firm typically invests $1-5 million per company across seed, Series A, and Series B stages. Notable investments include companies like Postmates, SkySpecs, and FarmLogs. Huron River Ventures has a strong track record, having made 50 investments and achieved 16 successful exits. The leadership team, including co-founders Ryan Waddington and Tim Streit, brings extensive experience in technology investments. The firm emphasizes supporting entrepreneurs with both capital and strategic guidance, leveraging their industry knowledge and networks to help startups grow and succeed.
Hustle Fund is a venture capital firm that invests in pre-seed software startups across the U.S., Canada, and Southeast Asia. Founded in 2017, Hustle Fund is known for its focus on entrepreneurs who demonstrate speed, execution, and grit. The firm’s mission is to democratize wealth through startups by catalyzing capital, knowledge, and networks globally. Their portfolio includes notable companies like HoneyBook, The Pill Club, Nova Credit, and Berbix. Hustle Fund typically invests in sectors such as fintech, digital health, web3, B2B software, and more, with a preference for startups at the pre-seed and seed stages. Hustle Fund's general partners, Eric Bahn, Elizabeth Yin, and Shiyan Koh, bring extensive experience as founders and operators, providing deep insights and support to their portfolio companies. They manage investments through an active, hands-on approach, offering rapid funding decisions and valuable mentorship to help startups scale effectively. The firm is also known for its Angel Squad, a community of over 1500 angel investors who invest alongside Hustle Fund and receive education on venture investing. This initiative is part of their broader effort to create an inclusive and supportive investment environment. For startups looking to engage with Hustle Fund, demonstrating strong execution capabilities and a clear path to market fit is crucial. Founders can benefit from their extensive network and practical advice on growth strategies.
HV Capital, formerly known as Holtzbrinck Ventures, is one of Europe’s most prominent venture capital firms, founded in 2000. With over €2.8 billion in assets under management, HV Capital has backed more than 225 startups, including major European success stories like Zalando, HelloFresh, SumUp, and Flixbus. The firm is known for its long-term commitment to founders, often supporting companies from seed stages through to growth and even exit phases. HV Capital recently launched its largest fund, Fund IX, at €710 million, aimed at startups across various stages from seed to Series D. The fund focuses on industries such as B2B software, consumer tech, healthcare, AI, and logistics. It also emphasizes sustainability, with a portion of the fund allocated to ESG-compliant companies and targets for female leadership across its portfolio. The firm’s investment approach combines financial backing with operational support, fostering an ecosystem where companies can thrive across Europe. HV Capital's team, based in Munich and Berlin, works closely with founders to help scale their businesses internationally.
Hyperplane Venture Capital, founded in 2014 and based in Boston, Massachusetts, focuses on early-stage investments in technology sectors like machine intelligence, AI, distributed systems, automation, cloud computing, and robotics. The firm has a robust portfolio of 112 investments, supporting innovative startups that leverage advanced technologies to solve complex problems. Notable investments include Modulate, Butlr, Flexpa, and LinkSquares. These companies span diverse industries, from AI and machine learning to health tech and enterprise software. Hyperplane has a strong track record with several successful exits, including Aryeo and RoadBotics, and continues to invest in cutting-edge technologies. The team at Hyperplane includes experienced professionals like Brendan Kohler, John Murphy, and Vivjan Myrto, who bring a wealth of expertise in technology and venture capital. They provide strategic guidance and mentorship to their portfolio companies, helping them navigate growth challenges and scale effectively. Hyperplane's investments are primarily concentrated in the United States, but they also have a presence in other countries, including Canada and the United Kingdom. Their approach involves close collaboration with founders, aiming to drive innovation and create significant market impact through their strategic investments.
IA Ventures, founded in 2010 and based in New York City, focuses on seed and early-stage investments, particularly in the fintech sector. The firm has made 184 investments and has seen 44 exits, showcasing its strong presence and success in the venture capital space. Notable companies in IA Ventures' portfolio include DigitalOcean, a cloud infrastructure provider; The Trade Desk, a global technology company for advertisers; and Datadog, a monitoring and security platform for cloud applications. Other significant investments are in companies like Octane, a fintech company for powersports financing, and YipitData, which provides data-driven research to institutional investors. IA Ventures invests across a variety of sectors including big data and analytics, cybersecurity, AI and machine learning, and SaaS. The firm is known for its hands-on approach, working closely with startups to help them grow and succeed in competitive markets. The team at IA Ventures includes experienced partners like Brad Gillespie and Jesse Beyroutey, who bring extensive expertise and support to their portfolio companies.
IBB Ventures is a prominent venture capital firm based in Berlin, specializing in early-stage investments. Since 1997, it has played a key role in fostering the growth of innovative startups, particularly those based in the Berlin region. With a focus on sectors like software, healthcare, industrial technologies, and creative industries, IBB Ventures supports scalable, disruptive business models that drive innovation. Their investment funds are primarily backed by the Investitionsbank Berlin and the European Regional Development Fund. The firm manages several VC funds, including the VC Fonds Technologie III and the VC Fonds Kreativwirtschaft III, with a total volume of €120 million. In 2022, IBB Ventures introduced an additional €30 million Impact VC Fund to support startups focused on ecological, social, and sustainable goals. Typically, they provide seed and Series A financing, working closely with portfolio companies to achieve sustainable growth and mid-term exits, often through trade sales or IPOs. IBB Ventures has invested in over 260 companies and continues to be a significant player in Berlin's startup ecosystem.
Icebreaker.vc, established in 2016 and based in Helsinki, focuses on early-stage investments, particularly in Finland, Sweden, and Estonia. They target pre-seed and seed-stage companies with investments ranging from €150,000 to €800,000. Icebreaker.vc's portfolio includes notable companies such as Valpas, Lumoa, Workfellow, and Oterlu. Icebreaker.vc supports teams with deep domain expertise and a vision for global impact, spanning various sectors like fintech, healthcare, consumer goods, and energy. They emphasize strong, complementary founding teams and provide extensive support through their community of over 1,000 experienced professionals. The firm has raised significant funds to continue backing innovative startups, including a recent €120 million fund to further invest in and support their portfolio companies from the earliest stages. Key team members include Lasse Lehtinen, Aleksi Partanen, and Riku Seppälä, all of whom bring extensive experience in founding and scaling tech companies. Their approach combines capital with strategic operational support to help startups navigate growth challenges and achieve market success.
ICONIQ Capital, a multifaceted investment management firm headquartered in San Francisco, manages over $80 billion in assets. The firm is known for serving influential families and organizations, particularly those in technology, high finance, and entertainment sectors. ICONIQ has a robust portfolio featuring investments in prominent tech companies. Notable portfolio companies include Airbnb, Alibaba, Facebook, Snowflake, and Uber. They also have significant stakes in innovative firms like OpenAI, HashiCorp, and Miro, showcasing their focus on transformative technologies and scalable business models. Their investment strategy involves partnering with inspired entrepreneurs to drive industry transformation. ICONIQ Capital provides not only financial support but also strategic guidance, leveraging their extensive network to foster growth and innovation. The firm operates globally with offices in New York, London, and Hong Kong, offering a comprehensive range of services including private equity, venture capital, real estate, and philanthropic advisory. ICONIQ's team comprises experienced professionals like Divesh Makan, one of the founders, who bring deep expertise and a hands-on approach to managing investments and advising clients.
Icos Capital is a Dutch venture capital firm specializing in ClimateTech investments, focusing on sectors such as food systems, decarbonization, sustainable chemicals, and materials. Since its founding in 2005, Icos Capital has been committed to supporting early-growth stage companies that drive sustainability and industrial decarbonization. The firm is known for its Collaborative Venturing Platform (CVP), which connects startups with leading corporations, providing not only capital but also engineering expertise, market access, and production infrastructure. With a goal to reduce or avoid 1 gigaton of CO2 emissions by 2050, Icos Capital takes a hands-on approach to investing, helping innovative startups scale quickly while ensuring measurable environmental impact. Some of its successful portfolio companies include Carbon Clean, eAgronom, and Holiferm, each making strides in carbon capture, regenerative agriculture, and sustainable product developmen. Icos Capital continues to manage multiple funds, the latest being Icos IV, with a targeted size of €100 million, designed to accelerate sustainability across industries. The firm primarily focuses on European companies but also supports those in the U.S. and Asia with strong ties to the European market.
Idinvest Partners, founded in 1997 and headquartered in Paris, France, is a leading European private equity and venture capital firm. The firm specializes in low and middle-market segments, investing across various stages, including early-stage, growth-stage, and later-stage companies. Idinvest Partners is particularly active in the IT, healthcare, and financial services sectors, and has made notable investments in companies such as Deezer, Criteo, Dailymotion, and Sigfox. In 2018, Idinvest Partners was acquired by Eurazeo, creating a combined entity with over $15 billion in assets under management. This acquisition has bolstered Idinvest’s capacity to support innovative startups and expand its reach globally. The firm has a diversified investment strategy, leveraging its expertise in venture and growth capital, private debt, and private equity to drive growth and value creation in its portfolio companies. Idinvest Partners operates with a strong presence in Europe and has extended its investments to the United States and Asia. Recent investments include companies like Dark (aerospace and defense) and Cove (real estate services), highlighting its broad investment approach across different sectors.
iGan Partners is a leading venture capital firm based in Toronto, Canada, specializing in early-stage investments in technology and healthcare sectors. Founded in 1999, iGan Partners has built a strong portfolio by partnering with innovative startups and helping them scale their disruptive technologies. The firm has a diverse portfolio that includes companies like Think Research, a provider of clinical content and technology solutions; MolecuLight, which develops imaging devices for wound care; and eSight, known for creating electronic glasses that improve vision for the legally blind. Other notable investments include MedChart, a platform that enables businesses to access and exchange patient-authorized digital health information, and Cosm Medical, which designs medical devices for personalized pelvic health solutions. iGan Partners typically invests in seed and Series A rounds, with a focus on companies in the healthcare sector, including medical devices, digital health, and health IT. They have been involved in funding rounds for companies like Hyivy Health and Curv Health, supporting innovative solutions in personal health and wellness. The firm is led by a team of experienced professionals, including Founder and Managing Partner Sam Ifergan and Chief Medical Officer Dr. Lorena Tora. Their extensive expertise in healthcare and technology enables them to provide valuable support and strategic guidance to their portfolio companies.
iGlobe Partners, founded in 1999 and headquartered in Singapore, is a prominent venture capital firm with a global investment strategy. The firm focuses on early to growth-stage investments in tech-driven sectors such as smart cities, synthetic biology, and fintech. iGlobe Partners has a strong track record of investing in transformative companies and has managed funds exceeding USD 500 million. Their diverse portfolio includes notable companies such as Matterport, which provides AI-powered 3D data platforms to create digital twins of physical spaces, and NerdWallet, a popular personal finance company. Additionally, they have invested in C2i Genomics, a leader in cloud-based cancer diagnostics, and Twist Bioscience, which is revolutionizing DNA synthesis. iGlobe Partners' investment approach emphasizes collaboration with top-tier scientific and entrepreneurial talent to drive innovation. The firm has been instrumental in scaling game-changing companies across the U.S., Europe, and Asia, leveraging its extensive global network to support portfolio companies in expanding their market reach. With the recent close of their USD 100 million iGlobe Platinum Fund III, the firm continues to invest in high-growth areas, particularly focusing on innovations in healthcare, logistics, and smart city technologies. This strategic focus aims to capitalize on the accelerated adoption of technology driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, promising substantial returns in the long term.
Illinois Ventures is a venture capital firm dedicated to investing in early-stage technology and healthcare companies. Based in Champaign, Illinois, and closely affiliated with the University of Illinois System, the firm focuses on translating innovative research into impactful businesses. Illinois Ventures has a robust portfolio that includes companies like Ocient, a big data analytics company, and EarthSense, a developer of autonomous robots for agriculture. Their investments span various sectors including biotechnology, healthcare IT, clean energy, and advanced manufacturing technologies. The firm primarily invests at the seed and Series A stages, leveraging its strong connections with the University of Illinois to gain early access to groundbreaking technologies. This relationship allows Illinois Ventures to support startups with both capital and strategic guidance, fostering growth from the ground up. The leadership team includes Nancy Sullivan, the CEO and Managing Director, and other experienced professionals like Thomas Parkinson and Nancy Harvey. They bring a wealth of experience in venture capital, business development, and operations, providing comprehensive support to their portfolio companies.
Illumina Ventures is an influential venture capital firm focused on advancing genomics and precision health. Established in partnership with Illumina, the firm targets early-stage companies driving innovation in life science tools, therapeutics, diagnostics, and personal wellness. Their notable investments include leading companies like 23andMe, Twist Bioscience, and Sherlock Biosciences. Illumina Ventures primarily operates within North America but maintains a global investment scope. The firm typically leads investment rounds, with a strong emphasis on startups harnessing cutting-edge technologies like AI, machine learning, and synthetic biology to improve human health. Recent investments highlight their commitment to transformative technologies, with companies such as Actym Therapeutics and Redshift Bio joining their portfolio. Key figures at Illumina Ventures include founding partner Nick Naclerio, who brings extensive experience from his tenure at Illumina Inc., and Malek Faham, promoted to Chief Scientist. The team is complemented by experts like Thomas Ybert of DNA Script, underscoring the firm's robust support for its portfolio companies.
Imec.xpand is a venture capital firm based in Leuven, Belgium, founded in 2017. The firm focuses on early-stage investments in deep-tech innovations, particularly those based on nanoelectronics. Their investment areas span health, agtech, and semiconductor technology, aiming to foster significant technological advancements and growth. Notable investments include PsiQuantum, a quantum computing company, and Axelera AI, a startup developing AI applications for edge computing. Other prominent portfolio companies are Spectricity, which specializes in hyperspectral sensing solutions, and Optalysys, an AI-driven big data and machine learning company. Imec.xpand typically leads funding rounds, with investment amounts averaging around $21 million per round. The firm has made 41 investments to date, with a robust global presence, investing in companies from the U.S., Europe, and beyond. Their strategic approach leverages their affiliation with Imec, a world-renowned R&D hub for nanoelectronics and digital technologies, providing startups with unparalleled access to cutting-edge research, expertise, and infrastructure. Key team members include Tom Vanhoutte and Frank Bulens, who bring extensive experience in deep tech and venture capital, further solidifying Imec.xpand’s position as a leader in the tech investment space.
IMO Ventures is a venture capital firm focusing on early-stage investments in technology, media, telecommunications (TMT), fintech, consumer, and healthcare industries. The firm is driven by a mission to support entrepreneurship and innovation, leveraging the extensive experience of its partners who were former tech entrepreneurs and industry leaders. The team at IMO Ventures includes Hai Liu, who has a background in electronic engineering and an MBA from MIT Sloan. He has previously worked with GSR Ventures and Samsung Mobile, bringing significant expertise to the firm. IMO Ventures invests in startups that harness the power of computing and technology to drive change. They believe in supporting entrepreneurs from the ground up, providing not only financial backing but also strategic guidance and industry connections. Their portfolio features a diverse range of companies, showcasing their commitment to fostering innovation across multiple sectors.
Impact46 is a leading venture capital firm based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, established in 2019. The firm focuses on early and growth-stage investments, particularly in the tech sector, and is one of the first VC firms to be authorized by Saudi Arabia's Capital Market Authority (CMA). Impact46 primarily invests in startups within Saudi Arabia but also targets promising opportunities across the MENA region. Key sectors include fintech, e-commerce, and SaaS. Their portfolio consists of notable startups like Jahez (a food delivery platform), Tamara (a buy-now-pay-later fintech company), and Syarah (an online automotive platform). Impact46’s investment in Jahez yielded a significant return, with the company going public in 2021 and offering a 22x return on investment. The firm’s strategy revolves around supporting local entrepreneurs with capital and strategic guidance to scale their businesses. They manage multiple funds, including a $133 million fund launched to continue supporting tech-driven startups across the region.
Imprimatur Capital is a venture capital firm with a strong focus on early-stage technology startups in the Baltic Sea region. Established in 2003, the firm has carved out a niche in sectors like B2B software, digital health, robotics, and automation. With a global perspective, Imprimatur helps startups with scalable business models reach international markets. The firm typically invests between €200k and €2 million in companies that have demonstrated initial revenue, particularly those with a minimum of €5,000 MRR. Imprimatur’s team operates from offices in Riga, London, and Singapore, bringing deep expertise in engineering, life sciences, entrepreneurship, and finance to the table. This diverse skill set enables the firm to provide more than just capital; they offer strategic guidance to ensure startups achieve sustainable growth. Imprimatur’s investment strategy is built on identifying ambitious founders with innovative solutions that address significant market needs. Their portfolio includes over 70 startups, such as Anatomy Next, which has successfully scaled with their support. Although their current fund is fully invested, Imprimatur continues to maintain a strong presence in the venture capital ecosystem, focusing on driving technological advancements that have the potential to impact industries globally. Their commitment to fostering innovation is evident in their active involvement in the startups they back, providing long-term support that goes beyond initial funding to include mentorship, market access, and business development expertise.
Invisible Ventures is a venture capital firm based in Sarasota, Florida, with a focus on investing in startups that are pioneering new technologies and industries. Founded in 2019, the firm operates with a unique model that blends both venture capital and a venture studio approach, helping startups not just with funding but also with strategic guidance. Invisible Ventures seeks out investments in cutting-edge sectors, particularly high-tech and blockchain applications, and focuses on early-stage funding. Their portfolio includes companies operating across various industries, particularly in enterprise applications, fintech, and high technology. While relatively new, they have made notable early investments in companies like Adventr (high-tech) and Cent (blockchain), showing a clear interest in innovative, disruptive technologies. The firm is actively seeking to expand its portfolio, especially in sectors that are transforming industries through technology. The firm is led by a small team of partners based in San Francisco, including Dava Guthmiller, Arianna Orland, and Rick Johanson, who all have deep ties to the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Startups looking to work with Invisible Ventures should focus on demonstrating their potential for high-impact technological disruption. The team values a hands-on approach, working closely with founders to ensure their long-term success.
Incite.org, founded by Swati Mylavarapu and Matt Rogers, is a unique hybrid organization that combines venture capital, philanthropy, and civic advocacy to drive positive global change. Their mission is to support bold, innovative entrepreneurs and activists who are working on underfunded and crucial challenges, particularly in areas like climate change, social justice, and economic opportunity. Incite operates through three primary branches: Incite Ventures, which provides catalytic capital to mission-driven startups with the potential to scale and make a significant impact; Incite Labs, a nonprofit arm that funds charitable and educational initiatives through grants and program-related investments; and Incite Politics, which supports political initiatives and candidates that aim to disrupt the status quo and promote diverse leadership. The team at Incite is deeply committed to fostering long-term relationships with the founders and organizations they support, offering not just funding but also mentorship, strategic advice, and access to a wide network of resources. Their investment philosophy focuses on finding and nurturing ideas that have the potential to create significant, lasting change. This approach has positioned Incite as a powerful force in impact investing, enabling them to back ventures that are not just profitable but also socially and environmentally responsible.
Incubate Fund, established in 2010, is a leading early-stage venture capital firm based in Tokyo, Japan. The firm has a significant presence globally, with offices in key locations such as Singapore, Bangalore, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Mountain View. Known for its extensive portfolio, Incubate Fund has invested in over 300 companies and has facilitated numerous successful exits, including notable firms like Pixie Dust Technologies, Sansan, and WealthNavi. Incubate Fund Asia, a branch of the firm, recently announced the first close of its third fund with a target corpus of $50 million. This fund aims to support pre-seed and seed-stage startups across India and Southeast Asia, focusing on sectors such as B2B, B2C, supply chain, and consumer tech. Notable investments by Incubate Fund Asia include Captain Fresh, ShopKirana, and Yulu. The firm’s mission is to empower startups and fuel innovation across Asia. Incubate Fund provides financial support and strategic guidance to help startups achieve market leadership and sustainable growth
InCube Ventures is a life sciences venture capital firm founded in 2008 and based in San Jose, California, operating as the venture arm of InCube Labs, a research and development laboratory with facilities in Silicon Valley and San Antonio. The firm was founded by Mir Imran, one of the leading healthcare innovators who has founded more than 20 life sciences companies, 15 of which have achieved exits through acquisitions or IPOs. Managing Partners Andrew Farquharson and Wayne Roe lead the fund alongside Imran, with Farquharson holding a Kauffman Fellowship. The firm's earliest fund, DFJ InCube Ventures, was managed in partnership with Draper Fisher Jurvetson. InCube Ventures leads rounds and invests in extraordinary innovations that address unmet clinical needs for large patient populations, with typical deal sizes in the $10 to $50 million range across seed, Series A, and Series B. The portfolio of 18 companies spans pharma, biologics, and medical devices, covering clinical areas including atrial fibrillation, epilepsy, GI surgery, iron-deficiency anemia, hemorrhagic stroke, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Notable portfolio companies include Metagenomi Therapeutics, which completed its NASDAQ IPO in February 2024 at a $563 million market cap, and Rani Therapeutics, which listed on NASDAQ at a $528 million market cap. Channel Medsystems was acquired by Boston Scientific for $275 million in November 2017. The portfolio has produced 2 IPOs and 6 acquisitions in total. InCube Ventures draws a direct pipeline from InCube Labs, where some portfolio companies originate, while others are sourced externally. This structure gives the firm a differentiated ability to identify innovations at the earliest formation stage, well before they reach institutional markets. The team engages directly with clinical development processes and brings deep domain expertise spanning cardiology, oncology, neurology, and metabolic medicine to support founders through regulatory and commercial milestones.
Indaco Venture Partners SGR, established in 2016, is Italy's largest independent venture capital firm, managing over €350 million across six funds. Their investment strategy is centered on breakthrough innovations, focusing primarily on sectors like electronics, robotics, medtech, biotech, pharma, and digital technologies. Indaco is renowned for supporting startups with cutting-edge proprietary technologies, typically participating in seed to Series B rounds with investments starting from €3 million. The firm's geographic reach spans Europe, the U.S., and Israel, but its core focus remains on Italian enterprises. Their anchor investors include leading institutions like Intesa Sanpaolo, Fondazione Cariplo, and the European Investment Fund, underscoring their credibility in the European VC landscape. Indaco has also forged strategic partnerships in digital and biotech sectors, such as with growITup and Università di Milano, allowing them to leverage deep industry expertise. Led by co-founders Davide Turco, Elizabeth Robinson, and Antonella Beltrame, the team has a wealth of experience in venture capital and has achieved numerous successful exits, including IPOs and major corporate transactions. Indaco's diverse team brings backgrounds from private equity, science, and technology research, giving them a unique ability to identify high-potential startups. For founders, Indaco’s rigorous selection process favors companies that can demonstrate technological leadership and scalability, especially those looking to expand globally. Their track record of over 40 portfolio companies and more than 15 successful exits makes them a key player in fostering the next generation of innovative leaders.
Index Ventures is a renowned venture capital firm with dual headquarters in San Francisco and London. Founded in 1996, the firm has a strong track record of investing in transformative companies across various sectors including technology, fintech, healthcare, and consumer products. Notable investments by Index Ventures include some of the biggest names in tech and business today. These include Dropbox, Figma, Slack, Roblox, Adyen, and Deliveroo. The firm has been instrumental in the growth of these companies, providing both financial backing and strategic support. Index Ventures has raised several significant funds to support its investment strategy. Recently, they closed $3.1 billion in new funds, which are spread across early-stage, growth-stage, and seed-stage investments. This substantial capital allows them to back innovative startups from inception through to maturity. The firm is known for its deep commitment to the entrepreneurs they support, emphasizing close partnerships and long-term growth. This approach has made Index Ventures a preferred partner for visionary founders looking to scale their businesses globally.
Indico Capital Partners, based in Lisbon, Portugal, focuses on early-stage technology and sustainability investments, especially in AI, SaaS, fintech, and the blue economy. Notable investments include Rows, FRVR, and Oceano Fresco. With over €194 million in assets under management across six funds, Indico plays an active role in scaling startups from Portugal and Spain to a global level. Indico typically leads rounds at the seed stage, investing between €100K to €5M per company, and often co-invests with larger firms like Accel. They also offer hands-on support through their Indico Founders Program, providing mentorship and access to their international network. Indico is particularly focused on companies with global ambitions, leveraging their team’s expertise and investor network to help scale ventures beyond local markets. The team includes co-founders Stephan Morais, Ricardo Torgal, and Cristina Fonseca, all of whom have strong backgrounds in tech and venture capital. They favor founders who demonstrate resilience and ambition, and startups are encouraged to approach them with a clear focus on scalability. Indico’s strategic focus is on sustainable, high-impact innovations, with a particular interest in companies contributing to marine ecosystem health and climate tech.
IndieBio, founded in 2014, is a leading accelerator and venture capital firm focusing on early-stage biotech companies. It operates under SOSV, a global venture capital firm with over $1.5 billion in assets under management. IndieBio provides startups with an initial investment of up to $525,000, followed by continued support throughout subsequent funding rounds, deploying 80% of its capital post-program. IndieBio has two main locations in San Francisco and New York, supporting a wide range of biotech innovations. Its portfolio includes companies like Upside Foods, NotCo, and Prellis Biologics, which are working on cutting-edge solutions in food tech, AI-driven product development, and 3D bioprinting, respectively. IndieBio emphasizes a diverse and inclusive environment, working with founders from various backgrounds and nationalities. The program is designed to help founders from the earliest stages, including pre-seed and seed, through Series A, by providing access to a robust network of mentors, industry experts, and co-investors.
Industrifonden, established in 1979 by the Swedish government, is a leading venture capital firm based in Stockholm. With over SEK 5 billion in assets under management, the firm focuses on early-stage investments, typically from seed to A-round funding. Their initial investments range from SEK 10 to 50 million, with the capacity to invest significantly more throughout the lifecycle of their portfolio companies. Industrifonden's investment strategy centers on three main areas: Deep Tech, Life Sciences, and Transformative Technologies. They support innovative startups that address significant societal challenges and have the potential to revolutionize their industries. The firm's evergreen fund structure allows for a long-term focus, fostering sustainable growth and development. Notable portfolio companies include Telness, AnaCardio, Cascade Drives, Asgard Therapeutics, and TrusTrace, reflecting the diversity and impact of their investments. Industrifonden's commitment to long-term value creation and supporting breakthrough innovations makes them a crucial player in the Nordic venture capital landscape.
Industry Ventures, founded in 2000, is a leading venture capital platform with over $8 billion in assets under management. The firm is known for its innovative and flexible approach to investing across the technology growth lifecycle, from early-stage to buyout. Industry Ventures operates through various fund strategies, including primary and secondary investments, tech buyouts, and hybrid funds. The firm recently raised over $1.7 billion across two new funds: Industry Ventures Secondary X, with $1.45 billion, focusing on providing liquidity solutions through direct secondaries and LP interests, and Tech Buyout II, with $260 million, targeting small software company buyouts and emerging software buyout funds. These additions bring the firm's total committed capital to over $7 billion, highlighting its robust presence in the venture capital market. Industry Ventures has a significant track record of successful investments, including companies like Uber, Alibaba, Stripe, Datadog, and Coupang. The firm is headquartered in San Francisco, with additional offices in Washington, DC, and London, ensuring a broad geographic reach to support its portfolio companies and investment strategies effectively.
Infinity Capital LLC is a venture capital firm headquartered in Palo Alto, California, with a strong focus on investing in early-stage companies across a wide range of industries, including biotechnology, fintech, software, healthcare, and industrial products. Established as a hypothesis-driven investor, Infinity Capital leverages decades of experience in technology and startups, aiming to support groundbreaking innovations that drive change in both business and consumer sectors. The firm actively participates in seed to later-stage funding rounds, often engaging with businesses that show potential for global scalability. Notable portfolio investments include CARD91, Laekna Therapeutics, and Pronto Housing, reflecting their diversified interests in financial services, therapeutics, and housing technology. Infinity Capital is committed to offering strategic capital alongside deep industry insights, with a focus on long-term growth. Their extensive network in Silicon Valley enables them to provide not only financial backing but also operational guidance to entrepreneurs.
Inflection Point Ventures (IPV) is one of India’s leading angel investment platforms, established in 2018. With a network of over 22,000 investors, IPV connects startups with experienced investors, including CXOs and industry leaders, providing both financial backing and strategic guidance. IPV stands out for its focus on nurturing early-stage startups across diverse sectors such as healthcare, fintech, edtech, and deep tech, supporting businesses with funding starting as low as INR 1 lakh. IPV’s investment strategy is centered on collective wisdom, enabling investors to collaborate closely with startups and help them scale effectively. Startups not only receive capital but also benefit from mentorship and technological support, including AWS credits and access to an exclusive Founders Genie program. Key portfolio companies include Buyofuel and Vested, which have received significant follow-on investments. IPV also prides itself on a streamlined and transparent investment process that includes detailed due diligence and post-funding engagement. For investors, IPV offers a democratized approach to angel investing, providing opportunities to invest in high-potential startups while gaining access to a robust network of industry experts.
Initialized Capital, founded in 2012 by Alexis Ohanian and Garry Tan, is an early-stage venture capital firm based in San Francisco and New York. The firm focuses on seed-stage investments across a wide range of industries, including software, artificial intelligence, healthcare, fintech, sustainability, consumer, and crypto. With over $3.2 billion in assets under management, Initialized Capital has backed more than 200 companies, including 27 unicorns like Coinbase, Instacart, and Flexport. Initialized Capital's unique approach emphasizes investing early, often when companies are valued below $20 million, and providing comprehensive support to founders. This includes assistance in product development, engineering, design, operations, legal, finance, and more. The firm's team comprises experts with diverse backgrounds, ensuring founders receive the guidance they need to navigate the venture landscape. The firm recently raised $700 million across two new funds: a $530 million core fund for new investments and a $170 million opportunity fund for follow-on investments. This brings their total assets under management to over $3.2 billion, highlighting their significant growth and influence in the venture capital space.
Innogest Capital, founded in 2005 and based in Turin, Italy, is a prominent venture capital firm with additional offices in Milan, Geneva, and San Francisco. The firm focuses primarily on early-stage investments, particularly in the healthcare and digital sectors. Notable investments include companies like Empatica, Affera, and BetaGlue Technologies. Innogest Capital has a diversified portfolio across several industries. In healthcare, they have invested in companies such as GreenBone, MedLumics, and Newronika, focusing on innovative medical devices, diagnostics, and therapeutic platforms. Their technology investments include digital platforms like MioAssicuratore, Soul-K, and Beintoo, which span online insurance brokerage, food delivery services, and digital marketing solutions. The firm's strategy involves investing between €0.2 million to €2 million in promising startups, helping them scale through hands-on support and leveraging their extensive network. They have made 85 investments to date and have successfully exited from companies like Affera, Everli, and Renovacor. Key team members include Claudio Giuliano, the Co-Founder and CEO, and partners like Giovanni Leo and Franco Rutili, who bring a wealth of experience in venture capital and industry-specific expertise. Innogest Capital is known for its robust support of entrepreneurial visionaries and its commitment to fostering innovation across various sectors, making it a key player in the European venture capital landscape.
Innospark Ventures is a Boston-based venture capital firm founded in 2018 by Dr. Venkat Srinivasan, an AI expert and serial entrepreneur. The firm focuses on early-stage investments, particularly in startups leveraging artificial intelligence to drive innovation across several industries, including healthcare, life sciences, education, cybersecurity, and business services. Innospark is dedicated to backing companies that use AI to tackle significant global challenges. Its portfolio includes notable startups like Marigold Health, which provides AI-driven mental health solutions, and AirWorks, an autonomous aerial mapping platform. The firm typically invests in seed and Series A rounds, supporting startups with funding, mentorship, and strategic insights to help them scale. With a mission to integrate AI into everyday life, Innospark envisions a future where AI enhances human capabilities and addresses pressing problems across sectors. The firm is known for its hands-on approach, helping founders navigate challenges from product development to scaling and exit strategies.
InnovaHealth Partners is a private equity firm based in New York City, specializing in growth buyouts of established medical technology companies. Founded in 2016, the firm focuses on the highest growth sectors within the medical device industry, aiming to partner with exceptional management teams to build innovative, differentiated, and high-growth medical technology companies. InnovaHealth Partners manages approximately $290 million of committed capital, which is deployed across the U.S., Europe, and Israel. The firm’s investment strategy is centered on identifying and investing in companies that have the potential to address large unmet medical needs through advanced medical technologies. The team at InnovaHealth brings together over 100 years of combined experience in the medical device sector, having worked together for more than 15 years. The firm’s portfolio includes companies that are leaders in their respective fields, such as Materna Medical, Monteris Medical, and OrthoSpace. These companies are recognized for developing breakthrough technologies in areas like neurosurgery, women’s health, and orthopedic surgery. InnovaHealth Partners takes a hands-on approach to its investments, working closely with portfolio companies to drive growth, enhance operational efficiency, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. This commitment to collaboration and innovation has positioned InnovaHealth as a leading player in the medical device private equity landscape.
EnBW New Ventures (ENV) is the venture capital arm of EnBW, dedicated to investing in early and growth-stage startups that drive the energy transition and sustainability initiatives. Based in Karlsruhe, Germany, ENV has a strong focus on innovative technologies that support decarbonization and digital transformation in energy and related sectors. ENV's portfolio includes a diverse range of companies, such as Cozero, which offers a comprehensive carbon management software for enterprises; Easelink, known for its Matrix Charging® technology that automates electric vehicle charging; and Intigriti, a global cybersecurity platform connecting companies with ethical hackers. They also invest in startups like enspired, which automates energy trading, and Holo-Light, which provides augmented reality solutions for industrial applications. Since its inception, ENV has invested over €125 million across 25 startups, aiming to accelerate the shift to sustainable energy and technologies (ENGIE New Ventures). The firm’s investments span various geographies and sectors, emphasizing innovations in energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy storage, and smart city solutions. ENV's approach involves not only financial investment but also leveraging EnBW's extensive industry expertise and network to support the growth and scaling of their portfolio companies. This hands-on partnership model has made ENV a significant player in the venture capital space, particularly in the clean energy and sustainability sectors.
Innovation Capital is a €21.1 million venture capital fund based in Sofia, Bulgaria, focused on supporting early-stage startups. The fund primarily invests in pre-seed and seed stages, offering equity and quasi-equity funding to companies across a variety of sectors. Their investment approach is sector-agnostic, covering industries like AI, e-commerce, healthcare, education, fintech, and cybersecurity. Innovation Capital aims to foster high-potential startups that can introduce disruptive innovations and scalable solutions within the local and international markets. The firm has built a diverse portfolio, with more than 100 companies under its belt, including innovative projects like Ubitrack Sport (machine learning for sports analytics) and Kabinet (telemedicine for mental health). They actively seek projects with strong business models and potential for growth, providing investments that range from €25,000 to €1 million depending on the stage of the startup. Innovation Capital also plays a key role in the regional ecosystem by managing accelerator programs, such as XLRadar, which helps early-stage startups refine their business models and gain market traction. The fund receives support from European Structural and Investment Funds, aiming to stimulate competitiveness and economic growth within Bulgaria.
Innovation Endeavors is an early-stage venture capital firm co-founded by Eric Schmidt, former CEO of Google, and Dror Berman. Headquartered in Silicon Valley, the firm invests in startups driving the "Super Evolution" — a non-linear innovation approach addressing significant global challenges. The firm's investment strategy targets early-stage, seed, and Series A opportunities, typically committing between $1 million and $15 million per initial investment. They focus on supporting technical founders tackling complex engineering and scientific problems to revolutionize large industries. Key areas of focus include intelligent software, computing infrastructure, climate solutions, the physical economy, and engineering health. Innovation Endeavors is deeply involved with its portfolio companies, often taking board seats and leading or co-leading investment rounds. Notable investments include companies like Planet, AlphaSense, Afresh, and Gatik. The firm leverages its extensive networks in technology, academia, and venture capital to provide unparalleled support and opportunities for its community of entrepreneurs. Their mission is to incubate small teams with big ideas, helping them find the right team and partners to achieve their vision.
Innovation Industries is a leading European venture capital firm focused on deep tech investments. With approximately €850 million in assets under management, they specialize in sectors such as industrial tech, med tech, and food & agri tech. The firm targets high-growth potential companies that offer sustainable solutions and have a significant societal impact. Innovation Industries supports companies throughout their growth journey, from early-stage funding to scaling up. They can invest up to €50 million per company over multiple funding rounds, ensuring robust financial backing and strategic guidance. Their portfolio includes cutting-edge companies like Nearfield Instruments, Axelera AI, and Pharrowtech. The team at Innovation Industries brings diverse expertise in fields like physics, engineering, and biotechnology, providing a strong foundation to identify and nurture groundbreaking technologies. Their commitment to sustainability and responsible investment is evident in their rigorous environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. Overall, Innovation Industries is dedicated to driving technological advancements that address fundamental challenges, aiming to create long-term value for both their investors and society at large.
Innovation Works (IW) is a leading early-stage investor in southwestern Pennsylvania, primarily focused on technology startups. Founded as part of the Ben Franklin Technology Partners network, IW has significantly contributed to the region's economic growth by investing in over 700 companies, which have collectively raised $3.3 billion in follow-on funding and created over 20,000 jobs. Notable sectors in IW's portfolio include robotics, life sciences, software, and clean energy. Some of their prominent investments are in companies like Aurora Innovation and Stack AV, which are part of the thriving robotics and autonomous vehicle industries in Pittsburgh. IW's support extends beyond funding, providing mentorship and resources through their accelerators, AlphaLab and AlphaLab Gear. In 2023, despite a national downturn in venture capital, Pittsburgh's tech sector saw a substantial increase in investments, reaching $3.12 billion, driven by significant activity in automation and AI. This positions Pittsburgh as an emerging tech hub with a growing number of new investors and global technology companies setting up satellite offices in the region. For startups looking to connect with IW, demonstrating innovation and potential for significant impact in high-opportunity markets will align with IW’s investment philosophy.
InnovationQuarter is the economic development agency for the Province of Zuid-Holland, focusing on enhancing the region’s economic structure through innovation. The agency is committed to supporting startups and scale-ups, particularly in sectors like high-tech systems, life sciences, energy, and the circular economy. InnovationQuarter offers various investment funds. InnovationQuarter Capital provides up to €5 million for innovative startups and scale-ups with high technological risk, supporting companies with strong management teams and scalable business models. ENERGIIQ, a €35 million fund, is aimed at commercializing proven energy innovations to reduce CO2 emissions, offering up to €4.3 million in venture capital and emphasizing collaborations with reputable co-investors. UNIIQ, a €47 million seed fund, focuses on the proof-of-concept phase, providing up to €350,000 in risk capital for the technical and market validation of innovations. Additionally, InnovationQuarter plays a significant role in internationalization, assisting Dutch businesses in expanding abroad and supporting foreign companies in establishing a presence in Zuid-Holland. The agency collaborates with various stakeholders, including major corporations, SMEs, educational institutions, and government organizations, to foster a dynamic and innovative ecosystem.
Innovestor Group is a prominent Nordic venture capital firm headquartered in Helsinki, Finland. Founded in 2014, it is one of the most active early-stage investors in the region, managing over €250 million across multiple funds. Innovestor focuses on sectors like life sciences, industrial technology, and digital health, with a particular emphasis on sustainable and scalable innovations. The firm is known for being the "first VC check" for many startups, supporting them from pre-seed through to Series A, primarily across the Nordics and Baltics. The firm operates through a combination of direct investments and co-investment syndication, making it a versatile player in the venture capital ecosystem. Innovestor’s portfolio includes nearly 100 high-growth companies, reflecting a diversified approach across sectors such as biotech, clean energy, and industrial automation. Recent initiatives include a €30 million Industry 4.0 fund aimed at fostering industrial tech advancements, and a dedicated €90 million Life Science & Health fund to support breakthroughs in biotech and healthcare. Innovestor distinguishes itself by not only providing capital but also facilitating collaborations between startups and large corporations, as seen through its accelerator programs like the PALO Accelerator. This approach helps startups scale efficiently by tapping into strategic partnerships and industry expertise. With offices throughout the region, Innovestor continues to drive the growth of Nordic+ startups by enabling them to scale internationally.
Inovia Capital, founded in 2007 by Chris Arsenault and others, is a venture capital firm based in Montreal with a significant presence in the Canadian tech ecosystem. The firm manages over $2.5 billion in assets across multiple funds, including early-stage venture and growth funds. Inovia focuses on partnering with founders to build impactful and enduring global companies, offering support from seed to IPO and beyond. Notable investments in their portfolio include Lightspeed Commerce, AppDirect, Sonder, and Hopper. Inovia has achieved several successful exits, such as the IPOs of Lightspeed and Sonder, and acquisitions like Luxury Retreats by Airbnb and Well.ca by McKesson. The firm's strategy emphasizes a hands-on approach, leveraging its team of experienced investors and operators to provide strategic guidance, mentorship, and access to a global network
Insight Partners, founded in 1995 and headquartered in New York City, is a global venture capital and private equity firm renowned for investing in high-growth technology, software, and internet companies. The firm has a vast portfolio of over 1,600 investments, including notable companies like Calm, monday.com, WalkMe, and Checkout.com. The firm is particularly known for its significant investments across various sectors such as IT infrastructure, cybersecurity, fintech, e-commerce, and DevOps. In 2022, Insight Partners closed its largest fund to date, raising over $20 billion, which underscored its aggressive investment strategy and commitment to high-growth companies. Insight Partners employs a hands-on approach to supporting its portfolio companies, offering extensive resources through its Onsite team. This team comprises over 130 experts in areas like sales, marketing, product development, and talent acquisition, dedicated to helping companies scale efficiently. This support has been crucial in helping many of their portfolio companies achieve significant growth and successful exits. Overall, Insight Partners' combination of substantial financial resources, strategic support, and industry expertise positions it as a leading player in the global venture capital landscape.
Insitor Partners is a venture capital firm dedicated to impact investing, focusing on early-stage companies in emerging and frontier markets across Asia, including Cambodia, India, Myanmar, and Pakistan. Established in 2009 and headquartered in Singapore, Insitor Partners aims to provide life-changing solutions for low-income consumers, improving access to essential services and products. The firm manages multiple funds, including the Insitor Impact Asia Fund I and II, with investments typically ranging from €1.5 million to €3 million. Insitor invests in sectors such as healthcare, education, housing, water and sanitation, agriculture, and financial inclusion. Their portfolio includes companies that foster sustainable living, better health, and economic growth for underserved communities. Insitor's investment strategy emphasizes a disciplined approach, focusing on high-impact entrepreneurs and scalable business models that can transform industries. They provide not only financial support but also operational guidance and access to a broad network of resources. By fostering synergies and sharing best practices, Insitor ensures that their portfolio companies can achieve significant social impact while delivering responsible financial returns.
Insta Ventures is a venture capital firm founded in 2019, focusing on early-stage investments in IT and technology sectors. Based in Limassol, Cyprus, the firm targets startups in the seed to pre-Series A stages, typically investing between $100,000 and $500,000. Insta Ventures is known for its swift decision-making process, often concluding investment deals within one to two months after the first meeting. The firm’s investment strategy is centered around fast-growing, disruptive tech companies, particularly those in SaaS, B2B/B2B2C, AI, AR/VR, and FinTech. Insta Ventures places a strong emphasis on companies with a global market scope and those generating $0.1 to $1 million in annual recurring revenue. While the firm invests globally, it has a special focus on startups from the Nordics and Baltics. Insta Ventures also values co-investments and partners with other venture funds and accelerators to support its portfolio companies. The firm's portfolio includes companies like Ex-human, an AI platform for immersive conversations, and Warren.io, a cloud management platform.
Intel Capital, based in Santa Clara, California, is a leading venture capital firm and the investment arm of Intel Corporation. With a robust portfolio featuring 24 unicorns like Figure and AI21 Labs, Intel Capital has cemented its position in the tech industry. Their investments span across AI, cloud, cybersecurity, and semiconductor sectors, targeting companies that are pushing the boundaries of innovation. Notable investments include SecurityScorecard, DataRobot, and Syntiant. Intel Capital's global reach is significant, with investments in over 1,500 companies across 57 countries. They are stage-agnostic, typically investing from seed to growth stages, with check sizes varying according to the company’s needs. Their strategy involves not just funding but also providing strategic guidance and access to Intel’s extensive network of partners and customers, fostering rapid growth and market entry. The firm has a track record of successful exits, with 35 portfolio companies going public, such as ZEEKR and Astera Labs. Intel Capital also prioritizes diversity, having launched a $125 million fund dedicated to businesses led by women and underrepresented minorities. Intel Capital is led by experienced professionals like Wendell Brooks, who have deep expertise in technology and investment. They encourage startups to approach them through their well-defined programs, offering a blend of financial support and strategic advice to drive innovation and growth in the tech ecosystem.
Interlace Ventures is an early-stage venture capital firm focusing on investments in the commerce technology sector. Based in New York City and San Francisco, the firm invests in founders who are reimagining the commerce landscape. Their portfolio includes a diverse range of companies such as B8ta, Darkstore, Queenly, and Augmodo, which span various sectors from retail and e-commerce to enterprise applications. Interlace Ventures aims to support startups that innovate within the commerce value chain by providing both capital and strategic connections to enterprise brands and retailers. This approach helps their portfolio companies scale and succeed in competitive markets. Recent notable investments include Flyp, which leverages AI to manage fashion waste, and Promoted.ai, a platform that optimizes search, feed, promotions, and ads for marketplaces. The firm's investment strategy focuses on seed and Series A rounds, with a significant presence in the United States. They emphasize operational support, leveraging their network to connect startups with key partners and customers, ensuring sustained growth and market penetration. Interlace Ventures continues to build a robust portfolio by identifying and nurturing companies that are poised to transform the future of commerce through innovative technologies and business models.
Interplay is a comprehensive venture capital firm that supports innovative startups through multiple avenues, including venture capital, an incubator, a foundry, and a family office. Founded with the mission to accelerate the journey of entrepreneurs, Interplay invests in early-stage tech companies, particularly those focusing on B2B marketplaces and vertical software. The firm's venture capital arm typically invests $500K to $2M in seed to Series B rounds, with a preference for Series A. They reserve capital for follow-on investments in their top-performing portfolio companies. The incubator program offers a $50K cash investment and a 6-month intensive program in exchange for a 6% equity stake, focusing on pre-seed and seed-stage companies. Interplay's foundry is designed to identify and fill gaps in the market by developing commercially viable solutions, often based on internal ideas. Ascend, the family office, evaluates opportunities at any stage and aims to increase exposure to innovation for entrepreneurs who have already succeeded in the startup ecosystem. Notable achievements include the closing of their $45M Fund III, targeted at B2B marketplaces and vertical software companies, and active involvement in over 40% of Fund III’s capital deployment. The firm also operates multiple service companies and communities to support entrepreneurs and investors.
Inventages Venture Capital, founded in 2000 by Gunnar Weikert, is the venture capital arm of Nestlé, headquartered in Nassau, Bahamas. The firm specializes in health care, life sciences, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, enabling technologies, and medical devices. Inventages has a broad investment focus, participating in seed, early, mid, and late-stage ventures. Notable investments include Accera, a biotechnology firm focused on therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, and Phagenesis, which develops treatments for dysphagia. Other significant investments are Shield Therapeutics, known for its iron deficiency treatments, and Cognoptix, which is developing diagnostics for Alzheimer's disease. Inventages typically invests with an average round size of $14 million, demonstrating a strong commitment to substantial funding rounds. The firm is actively involved in guiding its portfolio companies through strategic growth and development stages. Key team members include Gunnar Weikert (Founder and CEO), Thomas Bayerl, and Wolfgang Reichenberger, all bringing significant expertise in venture capital and life sciences to the table. Inventages is particularly noted for its rigorous due diligence process and a strong focus on the commercial viability of scientific innovations. This approach has enabled them to support groundbreaking developments in health and wellness sectors.
Inventure is a venture capital firm founded in 2005, headquartered in Helsinki, Finland, with a focus on early-stage investments across the Nordic and Baltic regions. The firm supports innovative startups in sectors ranging from deep tech to consumer internet brands. Inventure’s investment strategy centers around being the first institutional investor in most of its portfolio companies, providing capital and guidance to help them scale. The firm is known for backing over 90 companies, including notable successes like Wolt, Swappie, and Stravito. With ticket sizes ranging from €300,000 to €5 million, Inventure has raised significant capital across multiple funds, the latest announced in 2022. This enables the firm to provide critical early-stage funding to founders tackling unique challenges in their respective regions. Inventure operates as a generalist fund but with strong conviction in the teams it backs, emphasizing the importance of supporting ambitious founders. The firm’s hands-on approach helps startups overcome early-stage hurdles, offering both financial support and strategic resources. Through its offices in Helsinki and Stockholm, Inventure has built a robust network across the Nordic and Baltic startup ecosystem, making it a key player in the region’s venture capital landscape. In addition to its financial investments, Inventure also assists portfolio companies with talent acquisition, product development, and international expansion, ensuring they have the tools necessary for long-term success.