Education VC Funds

Creative Ventures is a venture capital firm focusing on market-driven deep technology investments. They invest in early-stage B2B companies that are commercializing novel scientific and engineering innovations. Key investment sectors include climate change adaptation and mitigation, healthcare, and addressing labor shortages in industrial and service sectors. The firm prides itself on a market-first approach, ensuring that the technologies they invest in are primed to meet existing market demand rather than speculative future needs. This strategy helps mitigate risks associated with deep tech investments​ (Creative Ventures)​​ (Creative Ventures)​. Creative Ventures has been a lead or co-lead investor in 80% of their investments from the current fund, often being the first institutional investor on a company's cap table​. Notable portfolio companies include Path Robotics, Sepion Technologies, and OncoPrecision, which focus on autonomous welding robots, advanced materials for energy storage, and oncology drug efficacy, respectively​. The team, led by General Partners Alex Luce and Kulika Weizman, brings extensive expertise in areas such as material science, synthetic biology, and biotechnology.

Creator Ventures is a London-based venture capital firm that focuses on early-stage investments in companies shaping the future of internet culture. Co-founded by Sasha Kaletsky and YouTube personality Caspar Lee, the firm launched in 2022 with a $20 million fund to back consumer-internet startups. Their investment thesis revolves around the creator economy, marketplaces, consumer applications, and SaaS platforms that enhance how humans interact online. The firm has a diverse portfolio that includes notable companies such as Beehiiv, ElevenLabs, and Bounce, spanning sectors like media, AI-driven tools, and digital products that support creators. Creator Ventures typically invests in companies generating revenue or with strong market potential and has a collaborative approach to working with founders, leveraging the reach and influence of creators for growth. The team, which also includes experts in digital marketing and creator partnerships, seeks startups with clear traction, often engaging with businesses that use innovative ways to solve problems in consumer and creator spaces.

Crédit Mutuel Equity, the private equity arm of Crédit Mutuel Alliance Fédérale, focuses on supporting companies at various stages of their development, from early-stage growth to transformation and international expansion. Based in France, the firm has a diverse portfolio encompassing over 350 companies globally. Key investments include UroMems, which develops implantable mechatronics technology for medical applications; Quandela, a leader in quantum photonics; and HarfangLab, a cybersecurity company specializing in endpoint detection and response. Other notable companies in their portfolio are Latitude, a space launcher operator, and MentorShow, an EdTech SaaS platform. Crédit Mutuel Equity invests across multiple sectors, including healthcare, technology, consumer goods, energy, real estate, and logistics. They typically support companies with innovative business models and substantial growth potential, providing both financial investment and strategic guidance to help them scale and succeed.

Credo Ventures is a Prague-based venture capital firm founded in 2009, focused on early-stage investments in technology startups within Central and Eastern Europe. They invest in a variety of sectors, including AI, medtech, edtech, and software. Their portfolio includes notable companies like Eleven Labs, Upheal, and Mewery. Credo Ventures typically invests in pre-seed and seed stages, with initial investments ranging up to €5 million. They currently manage €250 million across four funds, with their latest fund being €75 million. Their strategy is to back passionate founders from the ideation stage through to achieving product-market fit and beyond, providing both financial support and strategic guidance. The leadership team includes experienced partners like Jan Habermann, Lukas Hurych, and Vladislav Jez, who bring extensive experience in entrepreneurship and venture capital. They focus on building long-term relationships with founders and helping them navigate the challenges of scaling their businesses globally. Geographically, Credo Ventures targets startups from Central and Eastern European countries such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Romania, aiming to support their expansion into global markets.

Crosslink Capital, founded in 1989, is an early-stage venture capital firm based in Menlo Park and San Francisco. The firm focuses on investing in disruptive and market-transforming companies across enterprise and consumer technology sectors. As of April 2024, Crosslink closed its tenth flagship venture capital fund, Crosslink Ventures X, with $350 million in capital commitments, maintaining its focus on backing early-stage entrepreneurs from pre-seed through Series A stages​. A key component of Crosslink's strategy is the Alpha Network, an invite-only community of over 2,000 founders, CEOs, investors, and operators, established by General Partner Eric Chin in 2005. This network facilitates more than 40 annual events, including thematic discussions, networking parties, investor summits, and conferences, providing a rich ecosystem of support for founders. In conjunction with the recent fundraise, Crosslink has added Anduena Zhubi as the Director of Business Development, aimed at enhancing post-investment support for portfolio companies. Zhubi brings extensive industry experience from her previous roles at Microsoft and its venture arm, M12.

Crowberry Capital, a venture capital firm based in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Copenhagen, Denmark, focuses on seed and early-stage investments in the Nordic region. Founded by Helga Valfells, Hekla Arnardottir, and Jenny Ruth Hrafnsdottir, the firm aims to support innovative and high-potential startups across various sectors, including technology, digital health, and gaming. The firm has raised Iceland’s largest VC fund, a $90 million vehicle, which supports their mission to back diverse and bold entrepreneurs. Crowberry Capital’s portfolio includes notable companies such as Mainframe Industries, a gaming studio developing cloud-native social sandbox MMO Pax Dei; Lucinity, an AI-powered anti-money laundering platform; and Garden.io, which automates cloud development processes. Other investments include companies like Dreamdata, which focuses on B2B revenue attribution, and Kind, a provider of digital communication tools for healthcare providers​. Crowberry Capital prides itself on a strong follow-through philosophy, offering not only capital but also strategic support to help startups scale. Their approach has attracted significant interest from US VC funds at the Series A stage, highlighting the collaborative and robust nature of the Nordic startup ecosystem​.

CRV (formerly Charles River Ventures) is a well-established venture capital firm, founded in 1970, that focuses on early-stage investments in both enterprise and consumer technology startups. With over five decades of experience, CRV has supported the growth of more than 600 companies, including major successes like DoorDash, Airtable, Postman, and HubSpot. The firm is known for its hands-on approach and long-term commitment to helping founders build transformative companies. CRV typically leads investments and prides itself on moving quickly, often providing a term sheet within 24 hours. The firm aims to be a founder's first check, backing ambitious projects even in their earliest stages. They invest across various sectors, from enterprise software to consumer products, with notable focus areas like APIs (Postman), cloud networking (Aviatrix), and no-code solutions (Airtable). The firm’s investment ethos is built on forming deep, lasting partnerships with entrepreneurs, helping them navigate challenges and scale their businesses. CRV has offices in San Francisco and Palo Alto, California, with a team of partners experienced in working with startups through both good times and bad.

Crystal Horse Investments (CHI) is a Singapore-based venture capital firm with a focus on early-stage, angel, and seed investments. Established to support innovative startups across Southeast Asia, CHI has built a strong reputation for identifying high-potential companies, particularly in the technology, mobile, gaming, and web-based sectors. The firm actively participates in early funding rounds, including pre-seed, seed, and occasionally Series A, offering startups the critical capital and guidance they need to scale rapidly in competitive markets. Beyond just financial investment, CHI operates as an incubator, providing hands-on mentorship and strategic support to its portfolio companies. Startups benefit from Crystal Horse’s extensive network, industry insights, and operational expertise, allowing them to accelerate growth and navigate common early-stage challenges. The firm also collaborates with government initiatives such as Singapore’s iJam Reload program, which aims to nurture the next generation of tech innovators by providing incubation, mentorship, and early-stage funding opportunities. CHI has backed a diverse range of companies, from mobile app developers to cutting-edge web technology firms. With a strong belief in fostering innovation, CHI is committed to supporting entrepreneurs who are building the future of Southeast Asia’s digital economy. Their flexible investment approach, coupled with deep market knowledge, makes Crystal Horse a valuable partner for startups aiming to disrupt industries and scale regionally.

Cultivation Capital is a venture capital firm focused on early-stage investing, primarily at the Seed and Series A phases, with initial investments ranging from $100,000 to $3.5 million. Founded in 2012, the firm manages a family of funds targeting sectors such as life sciences and health tech, software and IT, agriculture and food tech, and geospatial technology. The firm has a mission to advance entrepreneurs with capital, counsel, and support while exceeding investors' expectations and creating opportunities for its team through career advancement and community impact. The firm operates several specialized funds, including partnerships with entities like the Yield Lab for Food and AgTech investments, and has backed over 120 startups. Notable investments include companies in diverse sectors such as therapeutics, diagnostics, precision agriculture, and location intelligence. Cultivation Capital is committed to building an inclusive portfolio, having invested in startups across more than 25 states and countries. The leadership team includes experienced venture capitalists and industry experts like co-founders Cliff Holekamp and Brian Matthews, as well as general partners and advisors with extensive backgrounds in their respective fields. The firm emphasizes active involvement with its portfolio companies, often taking board positions to provide strategic guidance and leverage their network of partners and investors.

CyberAgent Capital (CAC) is a prominent venture capital firm specializing in early-stage investments, particularly in internet and technology-based startups. Founded in 2006 as part of the larger CyberAgent Group, the firm focuses on companies in the seed and early-growth stages. With a strong global network, CAC operates across key markets in Asia, including Japan, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand, offering startups a bridge to regional and global expansion. The firm’s investment philosophy centers on incubating and accelerating internet-based businesses. CAC provides deep strategic and operational support, particularly in user acquisition, UI/UX design, and marketing strategies. This hands-on approach allows startups to leverage CAC’s extensive industry knowledge and its connection to the CyberAgent Group, fostering quicker growth in fast-moving markets​. CyberAgent Capital typically invests in startups aiming for global reach and scalability, helping them expand across borders. The firm manages several funds and offers flexible investment sizes depending on the growth stage, supporting companies from the initial idea phase to market expansion​. Some of CAC’s notable portfolio companies include Tokopedia, Coda Payments, and Viddsee, which highlight the firm’s successful track record in backing high-potential tech-driven ventures​.

D1 Ventures is a venture capital firm founded in 2019 and based in Beijing, China. The firm focuses on investing in cutting-edge sectors such as decentralized finance (DeFi), Polkadot infrastructure, gaming and the metaverse, general-purpose layer 1 and layer 2 technologies, Web3 social platforms, NFTs, Cosmos, the decentralized web, privacy technologies, Moonbeam, and DAO & DAO tooling sectors. D1 Ventures operates with a strong emphasis on Web3 technologies and blockchain innovations, reflecting their commitment to the future of decentralized technologies. The firm invests in early-stage ventures, including seed and Series A rounds, helping startups grow from their initial phases to more mature stages. The leadership includes Tamara Frankel, a founding partner, who has a strong background in ecosystem development within the crypto space. Under her guidance, D1 Ventures has built a reputation for backing innovative startups that are poised to drive significant technological advancements in the decentralized tech space. D1 Ventures has been involved in a range of notable investments, supporting companies that are developing foundational technologies for the next generation of the internet and decentralized applications. The firm is known for its strategic approach to investment, aiming to foster growth and innovation within its portfolio companies.

DAA Capital Partners is a Geneva-based venture capital firm, established to invest in early-stage ventures across technology, consumer goods, and health sectors. Founded with a focus on sustainable growth, DAA Capital provides both financial capital and strategic support to innovative startups in Europe. The firm's investment strategy revolves around Seed and Series A funding rounds, helping young companies scale their operations and realize their potential. Some of DAA Capital’s notable investments include Creal, a company revolutionizing display technologies, Tinamu Labs, which focuses on drone automation, and Smeetz, an AI-driven marketplace platform. The firm leverages its deep industry expertise and global network to offer more than just capital, acting as a strategic partner to help its portfolio companies grow effectively. With a strong commitment to driving innovation, DAA Capital Partners continues to make impactful investments across Europe, emphasizing long-term value creation and responsible growth.

DAAL Ventures is a venture capital firm headquartered in Saudi Arabia, focusing on early-stage investments in the technology sector, particularly in emerging markets. Founded with the mission to bridge international innovation and the Middle East, DAAL plays a pivotal role in helping startups expand into the GCC region, especially Saudi Arabia. The firm is known for providing not only capital but also strategic guidance and mentorship to its portfolio companies. DAAL leverages its extensive regional network and expertise to support startups in various sectors, including fintech, SaaS, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data. DAAL Ventures stands out for its collaborative approach, positioning itself as a partner to the companies it backs. This involves helping entrepreneurs scale their operations globally and connecting them with world-class investors and local partners in the Middle East. The firm has invested in a diverse range of startups, including Pulppo, a Mexican proptech platform, and Paym.es, a fintech company, highlighting its commitment to identifying high-potential tech ventures across different regions​. The firm’s vision is to be a leader in tech-focused venture capital in Saudi Arabia and the broader GCC region. DAAL is committed to fostering growth by offering operational support, business development resources, and access to its network of strategic partners. This positions DAAL Ventures as a key player for startups looking to break into the Middle Eastern market​.

Daphni Ventures, based in Paris, was founded in 2016 and focuses on early-stage investments with a European DNA and strong international ambition. The firm aims to support companies that contribute to making the world a better place through innovative and disruptive models, emphasizing social and environmental sustainability. Daphni's investment thesis revolves around empowering founders to create a sustainable future by leveraging deep tech and innovation. The firm has made over 80 investments and has seen multiple successful exits, including Shine.fr, Masteos, and Foxintelligence. Their portfolio includes a wide range of companies such as ZOE, a personalized nutrition platform; Double, a remote executive assistant service; and Masteos, a full-stack real estate agency. They also back companies in sectors like edtech, fintech, and health tech, supporting ventures that focus on the circular economy, upcycling, social inclusion, and the future of work. Daphni operates three main investment vehicles: Purple, Yellow, and Dastore, each focusing on different areas of innovation and sustainability. Their approach involves not only providing capital but also offering operational support and access to a community of experts to facilitate collaboration and knowledge-sharing among their portfolio companies.

Darling Ventures is an early-stage venture capital firm based in San Francisco, focusing on providing seed funding to startups with disruptive potential. The firm invests primarily in pre-seed and seed rounds, with check sizes ranging from $50,000 to $250,000. Darling Ventures has built a reputation for backing innovative technology companies, especially in sectors such as digital health, AI, SaaS, fintech, and cloud infrastructure. Their hands-on approach to investing involves closely supporting portfolio companies with growth strategies, market expansion, and preparing for subsequent funding rounds. The firm's portfolio includes startups like Everlywell, Hummingbird, and Berbix, showcasing their commitment to scaling tech-driven solutions in industries with significant growth potential. With a global focus, Darling Ventures leverages its network and expertise to guide founders toward successful outcomes, ensuring they are well-positioned for the next stages of their journey. Founded by Daniel Darling, the firm prides itself on identifying early-stage opportunities in high-growth sectors and helping companies reach product-market fit quickly. Darling Ventures often works as a lead investor but also collaborates with other VCs to maximize the chances of success for the companies in its portfolio. Their strong involvement in their investments sets them apart, offering more than just capital to founders—they bring strategic advice, mentorship, and connections to the table.

BES Management DAC, in partnership with Davy and BDO, manages the Employment and Investment Incentive Scheme (EIIS) fund, a leading source of capital for Irish SMEs. The fund has a long track record, with over €200 million raised and invested in ambitious Irish businesses over the last 25 years. The EIIS provides individual investors with up to 40% tax relief for investments in qualifying companies, making it a valuable option for both tax savings and supporting local businesses. The fund is sector-agnostic, investing across various industries in all 26 counties of Ireland. Recent portfolio companies include Nutritics, Horizon Offsite, Gym+Coffee, and Connexicon Medical, illustrating its broad focus on tech, health, and consumer services. With an average investment in 6-10 companies per year, BES aligns closely with management teams to help accelerate growth, offering both financial capital and strategic support. For investors, the EIIS is particularly appealing due to the structured diversification across companies, minimizing risk while aiming for solid returns. The fund requires a minimum holding period of four years, making it a medium-term investment with potential for high rewards. Led by seasoned professionals like Ivan Murphy and Sinéad Heaney, BES Management ensures rigorous governance and a hands-on approach to nurturing the growth of Irish enterprises.

Dawn Capital, founded in 2007 and based in London, focuses on investing in early-stage B2B software companies across Europe. The firm manages multiple funds, with a strong emphasis on sectors such as fintech, data and analytics, security and privacy, and enterprise software. Dawn Capital has a robust portfolio featuring companies like Mimecast, iZettle, and Tink. Notable recent investments include Omi, a platform for real-time experiences, and Cover Genius, an insurtech startup. The firm has achieved several successful exits, including the sale of Tink to Visa and the acquisition of Granulate by Intel. Dawn Capital is known for its deep industry expertise and active support of its portfolio companies, helping them scale from local champions to global leaders.

Day One Ventures, founded by Masha Bucher in 2018, is a dynamic early-stage venture capital firm based in San Francisco. Known for their unique approach, they combine investment with hands-on PR and communication support, setting them apart in the VC landscape. The fund focuses on industries such as fintech, climate and energy, AI, deep tech, consumer products, and enterprise solutions, with a geographic emphasis on North America and Europe. Their portfolio boasts notable investments in companies like DuckDuckGo, Remote, WorldCoin, and Superplastic. Day One Ventures typically invests between $100K and $1M, often leading seed and Series A rounds. They have a strong track record, with 22 exits and several unicorns under their belt, aggregating over $115 billion in value. Masha Bucher, a Forbes 30 Under 30 honoree and former PR executive, leverages her extensive communications background to provide unparalleled support to portfolio companies, from media strategy to investor introductions. The team, including key members like Drake Rehfeld and Tara Harandi-Zadeh, is deeply involved in every step of the startups' journeys, fostering a close-knit community.

DCG Expeditions is the early-stage investment arm of Digital Currency Group (DCG), focused on supporting fintech and crypto founders building the next generation of financial services. Founded in 2021, and rebranded from Luno Expeditions, the firm primarily invests in pre-seed and seed-stage startups globally. With its headquarters in London, DCG Expeditions operates on a global scale, making investments across developed and emerging markets. The firm’s investment strategy is to provide early capital, typically between $50,000 and $250,000, while co-investing with other lead investors in various rounds. They focus on both traditional fintech companies, such as challenger banks, and crypto-native startups that are advancing the decentralized finance (DeFi) space. Their portfolio includes companies like Kotani Pay and Caliza, highlighting their commitment to innovative fintech solutions in regions like Africa and beyond. DCG Expeditions prides itself on leveraging the vast network and resources of its parent company, DCG, to support founders in areas like compliance, scaling, and market entry. The team is led by CEO Jocelyn Cheng and is known for backing startups that are creating a more inclusive and open financial system.

DCM Ventures, founded in 1996 and based in Menlo Park, California, is a prominent venture capital firm known for its extensive portfolio and successful investments. With over $4 billion under management, DCM focuses on early-stage technology companies across the U.S., China, and Japan. Notable investments by DCM Ventures include companies like SoFi, Careem, Fortinet, and Matterport. These companies highlight DCM’s diverse investment strategy, spanning fintech, cybersecurity, consumer internet, and enterprise software. The firm has also backed companies like Bill.com and Musical.ly (now TikTok), which have seen significant growth and success​​. DCM Ventures operates with a global perspective, investing in the three largest technology markets: the U.S., China, and Japan. This strategic approach has enabled DCM to deliver strong returns to its limited partners, with a focus on early-stage SaaS, fintech startups, and consumer internet companies. The firm has seen numerous successful exits, with 254 companies in its portfolio going public or being acquired​​. The leadership team at DCM includes co-founders David Chao and Xinhe Lin, who guide the firm’s global investment strategy and operational support to its portfolio companies. For startups looking to connect with DCM Ventures, demonstrating innovative solutions in high-growth sectors such as fintech, AI, and cybersecurity can align well with the firm’s investment focus​.

DCP Capital is a leading private equity firm specializing in investments across Greater China and Asia. Founded by former senior partners of KKR and Morgan Stanley, DCP Capital brings together over 26 years of investment expertise in the region. The firm’s leadership team, including Co-Founders David Liu and Julian Wolhardt, has an impressive track record of steering successful investments through multiple economic cycles, focusing on sectors such as consumer goods, industrial technology, healthcare, financial services, and agriculture. DCP Capital raised its debut fund, DCP Capital Partners I, in 2019, closing with over $2.5 billion in commitments. This fund was significantly oversubscribed, attracting top-tier global institutional investors, including sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and family offices. The firm employs a disciplined, value-oriented investment strategy, targeting both buyouts and significant minority stakes in companies poised for growth and industry consolidation. Their approach emphasizes operational improvements and long-term value creation, which has helped DCP build lasting partnerships with management teams across the region. DCP’s portfolio includes high-profile companies such as Ping An Insurance, Mengniu Dairy, and Adopt A Cow, a disruptive dairy company in China. The firm is known for its deep local knowledge combined with world-class investment expertise, enabling it to identify and capitalize on proprietary opportunities in the dynamic Asian market. By focusing on industries with strong growth potential and by improving operational efficiencies, DCP Capital is well-positioned to continue its success in the private equity landscape.

Decent Capital, founded in 2007 by Jason Zeng, co-founder of Tencent, is a prominent venture capital firm with a global presence. The firm focuses on early-stage investments across sectors such as SaaS, consumer internet, frontier tech, and sustainable technology, with investments ranging from pre-seed to Series A stages. Decent Capital’s diverse portfolio includes notable companies like Lime, Cider, and Huizuche. Lime is well-known for its smart scooters and bikes aimed at addressing last-mile transportation issues, while Cider is a direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform for fashion. Huizuche, another significant investment, focuses on car rental services in China. The firm has seen successful exits, such as the acquisition of Oculii and Huizuche, and the IPO of FangDD on NASDAQ in 2019. The firm’s investment strategy emphasizes supporting companies through their growth stages with continued capital and strategic guidance. Decent Capital operates from multiple locations, including offices in Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States, ensuring a broad reach and impact across various markets.

Deciens Capital is a venture capital firm dedicated to supporting early-stage founders in the financial services sector. Based in San Francisco, the firm focuses on driving digital transformation in long-standing institutions. Their notable investments include Chipper Cash, a leading African fintech; Treasury Prime, a premier banking-as-a-service company; and GlacierGrid, specializing in industrial energy measurement and management solutions. Deciens Capital operates with a highly selective investment strategy, making a limited number of high-conviction investments each year, typically ranging from $500K to $10M per check. The firm's approach centers on being the first significant capital invested in companies that demonstrate increasing returns to scale and deepening competitive moats, often operating in winner-take-all markets. They prefer to be approached with clear, visionary pitches that highlight the potential for significant impact and innovation. The team is led by Daniel Kimerling, a seasoned entrepreneur and investor with a background that includes founding Standard Treasury and working at Silicon Valley Bank. He is recognized in the industry for his expertise and has been named to Forbes’ "30 under 30" and the Milken Institute’s Young Leader Circle. Deciens Capital seeks to provide more than just funding, offering comprehensive support, advice, and valuable relationships to help startups thrive from the earliest stages of their development. They emphasize a collaborative approach, working closely with founders to build the next generation of transformative financial services companies.

Deepbridge Capital, established in 2010 and headquartered in Chester, UK, focuses on providing growth capital to companies in the technology, life sciences, and renewable energy sectors. Their investment approach emphasizes supporting innovative and high-growth potential companies through various tax-efficient investment opportunities. Deepbridge Capital's portfolio includes a diverse array of companies. Notable investments are in firms like AlgaeCytes, which specializes in producing high-quality EPA oils from algae, and VoxSmart, which provides compliance management solutions for banks. They have also invested in promising startups like Thalia Design Automation, an AI-driven EDA platform, and Ibis Vision, a cloud-based vision testing software for the optical industry. The firm has made 168 investments and has seen 101 exits, showcasing their experience and success in nurturing companies to achieve significant milestones. Deepbridge Capital also supports companies through initiatives such as the Deepbridge Technology Growth EIS Fund and the Deepbridge Innovation SEIS Fund, offering financial backing and strategic guidance to early-stage businesses. The Deepbridge team, led by Managing Partner Ian Warwick, is known for their commitment to fostering innovation and growth across their investment sectors. For more information about their investments and strategic approach, you can visit their official website.

DeepWork Capital, established in 2015 and based in Orlando, Florida, is an early-stage venture capital firm. The firm primarily targets technology and life sciences startups, particularly those in U.S. regions traditionally underserved by venture capital. DeepWork Capital's investment strategy focuses on seed and Series A stage companies, often being the first institutional capital after friends, family, and angel investors. Their portfolio includes a diverse range of companies such as AbFero Pharmaceuticals, acquired by Pharmacosmos, and AireHealth, addressing respiratory challenges. Other notable investments include Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals, developing therapeutics for brain injury, and Genascence, working on gene therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. The firm also supports innovative startups like Nanophotonica, which is pioneering EL-QLED technology, and Homee, which digitizes insurance claims processes. The DeepWork Capital team, including Managing Partners Mitchel Laskey, Ben Patz, and Kathy Chiu, brings a wealth of experience from various industries. The firm emphasizes a hands-on, active engagement approach, supporting entrepreneurs before, during, and after investment. DeepWork Capital's mission is to foster innovation in regions like Florida by providing necessary capital and strategic support to tech-forward founders committed to solving significant societal challenges.

Deerfield Management, a prominent investment firm based in New York City, is dedicated to advancing healthcare through strategic investments, information, and philanthropy. With over $14.6 billion in assets under management, Deerfield maintains a diverse portfolio of more than 200 private and public investments across biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, healthcare services, and digital health industries​ . Notable portfolio companies include Graphcore, JFrog, and Netskope. The firm has a strong track record of supporting startups from early stages to mature companies, offering flexible funding models, including equity, debt, and joint ventures. Deerfield’s investment approach is characterized by deep operational support and a robust network of strategic partners and academic collaborations​ ​. Deerfield’s team comprises over 150 experienced professionals with expertise in various sectors of healthcare and finance, ensuring comprehensive support for their portfolio companies. The firm’s initiatives, such as the Deerfield Discovery and Development (3DC) and the Cure Campus, further highlight their commitment to fostering innovation and addressing complex health issues​​. The Deerfield Foundation, part of the firm’s philanthropic efforts, focuses on improving healthcare delivery, particularly for underserved populations, and has invested over $68 million in various health initiatives.

Defy Ventures, a New York-based venture capital firm founded in 2010 by Catherine Hoke, focuses on early-stage investments and supporting entrepreneurs, particularly those with unconventional backgrounds such as former convicts. The firm is dedicated to fostering entrepreneurship, employment, and character training for its community. Defy's portfolio includes notable companies such as Nautilus Biotechnology, Empower, and Shujinko. They have made significant investments in various sectors, including high tech, business services, and food and agriculture tech. Recent investments include Monitaur, Writ, and Delivery Collective. The firm values authenticity and the tenacity needed to transform bold ideas into lasting companies. Defy Ventures aims to be the partner of choice for today's daring startup founders, helping them become tomorrow's visionary leaders. They emphasize working behind the scenes to amplify the success of their portfolio companies.

Delin Ventures is a UK-based, mission-driven venture capital firm that focuses on early-stage investments, specializing in two key areas: Life Sciences and the Future of Work & Learning. Established in 2015, the firm backs founders working on breakthrough technologies that can transform healthcare through cell therapies and the future of human work and learning. Delin invests in pre-seed and seed rounds, with typical ticket sizes ranging from €100,000 to €1.5 million, primarily in European startups. In the Life Sciences domain, Delin is committed to advancing cell therapy solutions that can either cure life-threatening diseases or transform them into manageable, chronic conditions. They also invest in the infrastructure necessary for the development and commercialization of these therapies. Notable investments include startups working on innovative therapeutics, medical services, and manufacturing technologies. In the Future of Work & Learning sector, Delin Ventures aims to unlock human potential by investing in technologies that shape the workforce of tomorrow. This includes HR tech, productivity tools, workforce development, and upskilling platforms. They provide hands-on support to founders, leveraging their deep operational expertise and extensive network. The team, led by founder Igor Linshits, includes experts from various industries, ensuring a strong focus on long-term impact. Delin's strategy is centered around making fewer, high-quality investments to ensure that they can offer exceptional support to their portfolio companies, which includes businesses like Fluidic Analytics, Vidsy, and Ori Biotech. The firm is highly selective, providing patient capital and working closely with founders to scale impactful solutions.

Delta Partners is a Dublin-based venture capital firm specializing in early-stage investments in technology companies. Founded in 1994, the firm has a strong track record with over 140 investments and €1.8 billion in exit returns. Delta Partners focuses on seed and Series A investments, supporting companies from their foundation stage through to successful scaling and exits. They emphasize building solid company foundations and capital-optimizing cultures to increase the likelihood of success. The Delta team includes experienced partners like Dermot Berkery, Maurice Roche, Amy Neale (formerly of Mastercard), and Richard Barnwell (founder of Digit Games). They are committed to integrating sustainability risks into their investment process, ensuring that environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors are considered throughout the lifecycle of their investments. Delta Partners operates with a partner-led approach, providing startups with direct access to senior-level experience from the first conversation. This hands-on support helps entrepreneurs navigate their journey from seed to Series A and beyond.

Demeter, a major European player in venture capital, private equity, and infrastructure, focuses on investments that drive the energy and ecological transition. Founded in 2005, Demeter manages €1.3 billion across its funds and has completed over 230 investments. The firm targets innovative startups, SMEs, and infrastructure projects, offering investments ranging from €1 million to €30 million. Notable investments include McPhy Energy, which specializes in hydrogen production, storage, and distribution technologies, and Ynsect, which produces environmentally friendly insect-based products. Demeter also supports companies like Sunna Design, which develops solar LED lighting solutions, and Sweetch Energy, a renewable energy firm focusing on osmotic energy. One of Demeter's significant initiatives is the recent launch of a €500 million fund in collaboration with EIT InnoEnergy. This fund aims to develop a resilient and diverse battery raw material supply chain for Europe, addressing the continent's growing demand for batteries and supporting the European Battery Alliance's goals. Demeter's investment strategy is driven by a commitment to sustainability, evident in their support for green projects like H2 Green Steel, the world's first integrated large-scale green steel plant. The firm's dedication to environmental responsibility is further reflected in their involvement in initiatives like the Climate Dividends program, which promotes sustainability across their portfolio companies.

Derayah Ventures is a Saudi-based venture capital firm that invests in early to growth-stage startups across the MENA region. Launched in 2019, the firm manages a $30 million fund focused on technology-driven businesses, particularly in sectors such as SaaS, fintech, eCommerce, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and marketplace platforms. Derayah primarily backs companies that are either disrupting traditional industries or organizing them through innovative solutions. The firm’s investment philosophy centers on supporting scalable startups with high growth potential and strong teams. Derayah Venture Capital provides not just financial backing but also strategic guidance to help companies expand within the MENA region, especially into Saudi Arabia. The fund focuses on post-seed, pre-Series A, and Series A stages, enabling startups to access critical capital during their early development phases. Led by a team of experienced investors, including Chairman Faris Ibrahim AlRashed, Derayah aims to build tomorrow's market leaders through a combination of capital, industry expertise, and strong local networks.

Designer Fund is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded by Ben Blumenrose and Enrique Allen, specializing in seed-stage investments in design-led startups. Notable investments include Omada Health, Gusto, and Stripe, companies recognized for their innovative design approaches and user-friendly interfaces. The fund primarily targets industries like financial services, healthcare, and sustainability, aiming to replace legacy systems with more efficient, user-centered solutions. Designer Fund focuses geographically on the US, with a strong presence in the Bay Area. Their strategy involves making significant contributions to seed rounds, typically around $500,000, while often not leading. They invest in about eight companies annually, allowing them to provide extensive design support through their Designer Fund Partnership. This support includes monthly design sessions, professional development workshops, and access to a community of top designers and founders. The team at Designer Fund is led by seasoned experts like Blumenrose, with extensive experience at Meta, and Allen, who has a background with Facebook’s fbFund and 500 Startups. Their collaborative approach and deep integration within the design community make them a valuable partner for startups aiming to scale their design capabilities and impact.

Detroit Venture Partners (DVP), founded in 2010 by Dan Gilbert, is a venture capital firm committed to backing early-stage tech startups that aim to drive innovation and economic growth. Based in Detroit, DVP is part of the broader Rock Family of Companies, which includes Rocket Companies, Bedrock Detroit, and the Cleveland Cavaliers. This extensive network enables DVP to offer its portfolio companies not only financial backing but also strategic partnerships and resources to help them scale effectively. DVP focuses on investing in startups that embody creativity, grit, and passion. They have a strong emphasis on companies in the technology sector, including fintech, SaaS, and logistics. Some of their notable portfolio companies include StockX, Livegistics, 100 Thieves, and CoverTree. By fostering innovation, DVP contributes to Detroit’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, helping to rejuvenate the city’s long history of industrial innovation. In addition to their investment activities, DVP runs a Summer Fellowship program that offers MBA and undergraduate students hands-on experience in venture capital and early-stage startups.

DFS Lab, founded in 2016 and based in San Francisco, focuses on early-stage investments in technology startups across Africa. Their portfolio includes over 30 companies, with a strong emphasis on digital commerce and financial inclusion. Notable investments include startups like PayDay, CutStruct, and Terraa, which span various sectors such as fintech, logistics, and food processing. The firm invests early and provides comprehensive support to its portfolio companies, aiming to leverage technology to transform everyday commerce in Africa. Their investment strategy is research-driven, focusing on both the digital and physical hybrid nature of African markets. This approach allows them to tailor their support to the unique challenges and opportunities in these markets. DFS Lab is led by Jake Kendall and Stephen Deng, who bring extensive experience in finance, technology, and emerging markets. The team also includes experts like Juliet Maina and Joseph Benson-Aruna, who focus on policy research and entrepreneurial support respectively. The firm actively collaborates with co-investors like Ventures Platform, Seedstars, and Techstars, further strengthening their network and resource pool for portfolio companies​.

DG Daiwa Ventures, a Tokyo-based venture capital firm founded in 2016, is a joint venture between Digital Garage and Daiwa Securities Group. The fund focuses on early-stage investments in cutting-edge technologies, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), cybersecurity, biohealth, and extended reality (xR). DG Daiwa Ventures operates globally, with a special emphasis on startups in Japan and the broader Asia-Pacific region. The firm manages two main funds: DG Lab Fund I and DG Lab Fund II, which collectively manage over 20 billion yen. These funds target high-potential tech startups by leveraging the combined expertise and incubation capabilities of both Digital Garage and Daiwa Securities. DG Daiwa Ventures has a track record of nurturing successful startups, such as Goodpatch and Akili Interactive Labs, which have gained recognition for their innovative products. DG Daiwa is known for supporting its portfolio companies with strategic resources and helping them scale through partnerships, additional fundraising, and IPO support. The firm aims to identify companies that can drive technological advancements and create substantial returns for investors through a global network of partners and later-stage investors.

DHVC, founded in 2013 by Shoucheng Zhang, is a venture capital firm based in Palo Alto, California. The firm focuses on early-stage investments across several sectors, including enterprise, consumer, fintech, and healthcare. Over the years, DHVC has built a substantial portfolio, investing in over 267 companies with 75 successful exits​. DHVC has also seen significant exits with companies like Wish Shopping, Qeexo, and Namocell, indicating their strong presence in the tech investment space. The firm’s investment strategy involves participating in a mix of seed, early-stage, and later-stage funding rounds, often co-investing with other prominent venture capital firms​. The DHVC team, led by key members such as Kevin Ding and Judy Yan, brings a wealth of experience and a global perspective to their investment approach. The firm’s operations are split between the United States and China, allowing them to leverage opportunities across major innovation hubs​.

Differential Ventures is a seed-stage venture capital fund founded by data scientists and entrepreneurs, with a focus on investing in B2B, data-centric technology startups. Notable investments include companies like Private AI, Ocrolus, and Agnostiq, which are at the forefront of AI, machine learning, and quantum computing. The fund primarily targets enterprises that leverage data to transform business operations, with significant investments in AI-powered business solutions, cybersecurity, and fintech. Geographically, Differential Ventures is based in New York but maintains a broad investment horizon, with portfolio companies spread across North America. Their strategy emphasizes early-stage investments, typically writing checks between $250,000 and $1 million, and they often lead funding rounds. The firm is proactive in offering guidance to portfolio companies, drawing on their deep expertise in data science and entrepreneurial ventures. Key team members include Nick Adams, co-founder and managing partner, known for his hands-on approach and operational insights, and David Magerman, a managing partner who brings extensive experience in AI and machine learning operations. Differential Ventures is known for its active involvement in the tech community, hosting webinars and engaging in discussions about AI policy and its implications for industry and society. For startups seeking investment, approaching Differential Ventures with a well-defined data-driven strategy and a scalable business model is crucial.

Digital Currency Group (DCG), founded in 2015 by Barry Silbert, is a prominent venture capital firm dedicated to accelerating the development of a better financial system through investments in blockchain and digital currency companies. With over 200 equity investments in more than 30 countries, DCG has established itself as the most active investor in the digital asset industry. DCG owns and operates several leading businesses within the crypto ecosystem. These include CoinDesk, a top media, research, and events platform; Genesis, a major institutional lending and brokerage firm; Grayscale Investments, the largest digital currency asset management firm; Foundry, which focuses on digital asset mining and staking; and Luno, a global digital asset exchange and wallet provider​. Their investment strategy encompasses a broad array of sectors such as payments, privacy, stablecoins, trading tools, Web3 infrastructure, DeFi, and NFTs, among others. DCG supports companies at various stages of development, from seed and venture to growth and public markets, ensuring comprehensive support through all phases of their growth​.

Digitalis Ventures is a venture capital firm established in 2016, focused on investing in innovative solutions within the realms of human and animal health. Headquartered in New York, with offices in Boston, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, and Gainesville, the firm leverages deep technical, financial, and domain expertise to support early-stage companies. Digitalis Ventures’ portfolio includes companies like Expressable, Elegen, and Alterome Therapeutics, reflecting their interest in biotechnology, health technologies, and services. Notable exits include Scout Bio and PetMedix. The firm typically leads investment rounds, providing substantial capital and strategic guidance to help startups scale. The investment strategy centers around life sciences, health technologies, and animal health. They invest in companies developing breakthrough technologies in therapeutics, diagnostics, and tools that improve healthcare access, outcomes, and efficiency. Their Companion Fund specifically focuses on advancing animal health. Key team members include founder Geoffrey Smith and partners such as Amit Bansal and Drew Taylor, who bring extensive experience in venture investing and health technologies.

Digital Horizon is a forward-thinking venture capital firm that backs entrepreneurs at every stage of their journey, focusing on fintech, SaaS, and AI startups. They have a notable portfolio including Klarna, Lemonade, Monday.com, Ably, and Bolt, showcasing their knack for identifying high-potential ventures. Founded by Alan Vaksman, Digital Horizon leverages a global network with a presence in London, Tel Aviv, and Dubai, emphasizing support for immigrant founders and diverse teams. Their investment strategy is unique, employing a multi-stage approach that spans from early-stage to later-stage investments, ensuring high returns and liquidity. This method has proven successful, with their first fund achieving an impressive 40% annual return. They prioritize startups solving real-world problems with a clear path to profitability, even if immediate profitability isn’t required. Digital Horizon is actively expanding into the Middle East, with a focus on Dubai and the broader MENA region. They target sectors like e-commerce, digital payments, crypto infrastructure, and B2B solutions. Founders looking for investment should be prepared to demonstrate strong problem-solving capabilities and a solid economic model. Key team members include Helena Haykin, Rohit Mathur, Vlad Tropko, and Levy Raiz, who bring extensive experience from major corporations and startups globally. For entrepreneurs seeking to connect, Digital Horizon values clear, impactful pitches that align with their mission to foster innovation and scalable growth.

DN Capital, founded in 2000, is a global early-stage venture capital firm with offices in London, Berlin, and San Francisco. They focus on Seed, Series A, and select Series B opportunities across Europe and North America. The firm specializes in sectors such as fintech, SaaS, digital media, marketplaces, and consumer internet. Some of DN Capital's notable investments include Shazam, Auto1, OLX, Purplebricks, and GoStudent. These investments showcase DN Capital's knack for identifying and supporting companies that can scale globally. They have managed over $1 billion in assets and achieved numerous successful exits, including acquisitions by major corporations such as Apple (Shazam) and Oracle (Endeca)​. The firm is led by founders Nenad Marovac and Steve Schlenker, who bring deep entrepreneurial and financial expertise. DN Capital emphasizes a hands-on approach, providing portfolio companies with strategic guidance, business development opportunities, and extensive network connections. Their commitment to openness and integrity, combined with rigorous investment practices, makes them a strong partner for ambitious entrepreneurs

DNS Capital is the investment office for Gigi Pritzker and her husband Michael Pucker, based in Chicago. Founded in 2014, DNS Capital invests across various stages and industries, emphasizing long-term partnerships and strategic growth. The firm has a diverse portfolio with significant investments in technology, healthcare, and industrial sectors. Notable investments include Hero Bread, which focuses on producing low-carb bakery products; IMIDomics, a biotech company working on therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; and Jetti Resources, which has developed a novel technology for metal extraction from ores. Other key investments include Recogni, a company specializing in high-performance computer chips for autonomous vehicles, and PayNearMe, a platform enhancing payment experiences for businesses and their customers​​. DNS Capital's approach combines financial support with strategic guidance, leveraging the deep expertise of its leadership team. They focus on building strong relationships with business owners and management teams to drive sustainable growth and innovation across their portfolio companies​.

DNX Ventures is an early-stage venture capital firm specializing in B2B startups, with a particular focus on SaaS, cybersecurity, fintech, deep tech, sustainability, and retail tech sectors. Founded in 2011, DNX Ventures operates from offices in Silicon Valley and Tokyo, bridging two of the world's most innovative markets. The firm invests in seed and Series A startups, typically providing initial investments ranging from $1 to $5 million. DNX Ventures aims to support founders who are tackling significant challenges for enterprise companies, helping them shape industries and transform the way we live and work. Notable investments by DNX Ventures include Cylance, ICEYE, Movandi, and Nauto. Their approach emphasizes close partnership with portfolio companies, offering extensive support and resources to help them succeed.

Dorm Room Fund (DRF), founded in 2012 by Josh Kopelman under the auspices of First Round Capital, is a venture capital firm that focuses on investing in student-run startups. Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, DRF has made over 400 investments and has achieved 145 exits. Notable exits include MetaMap, DiscreetAI, WorkerSense, and ScienceIO. DRF’s mission is to support student founders by providing access to a powerful investor network, world-class mentors, and essential capital to accelerate their growth. The fund has supported over 300 companies led by student founders, including prominent names like Athelas and WellTheory. Dorm Room Fund is dedicated to promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion within the venture capital industry. Nearly 80% of their alumni go on to become founders or venture capitalists themselves. The fund has created initiatives like the Blueprint Project and the Female Founder Track to empower underrepresented students. The investment team at DRF consists of student partners who bring unique insights into the next wave of groundbreaking companies. This model allows them to identify promising startups that might be overlooked by traditional investors.

Downing LLP is a UK-based investment management firm that emphasizes sustainable and impactful investments across various sectors. Established in 1986, Downing manages around £2 billion in assets, offering a diverse range of investment strategies. It has built a reputation for responsible investing, holding a B Corp certification, which underscores its commitment to balancing profit with social and environmental responsibility. Downing Ventures, a division of Downing LLP, focuses on early to growth-stage technology companies. Their investment portfolio spans sectors including healthcare, clean technology, and software, with a preference for businesses that integrate sustainability and innovative solutions. Recent initiatives include the appointment of Dr. Nigel Pitchford as Head of Healthcare Ventures, reflecting their strategic focus on med-tech and life sciences. This division has supported over 20 healthcare companies, deploying more than £36 million since 2014. In addition to venture capital, Downing also invests in renewable energy projects, infrastructure, and property finance. They operate the Downing Renewables & Infrastructure Trust (DORE), which funds solar, wind, and energy storage projects across the UK and Northern Europe. Through these ventures, Downing aims to deliver stable returns while promoting environmental sustainability​.

Draper Associates, founded in 1985 by Tim Draper, is a renowned early-stage venture capital firm based in Silicon Valley. The firm has made significant investments in transformative companies across various sectors, including technology, consumer services, and financial services. Draper Associates is known for its notable investments in companies like Hotmail, Skype, Tesla, SpaceX, Twitch, Robinhood, Coinbase, and Baidu. The firm focuses on backing innovative startups with the potential for extraordinary outcomes, often investing at the seed stage and supporting companies through their growth journeys. Draper Associates prides itself on being entrepreneur-friendly, providing extensive support and resources to help founders succeed. Draper Associates is part of the larger Draper Ecosystem, which includes Draper University, Draper Venture Network, and Draper Startup House, among other initiatives aimed at fostering entrepreneurial growth and innovation globally. The firm's investment philosophy emphasizes a global perspective, investing in industry-transforming companies across the world while maintaining a strong presence in Silicon Valley. Draper Associates continues to innovate and drive significant impact in the venture capital landscape by backing visionary entrepreneurs and leveraging its extensive network and resources.

Draper B1, founded in 2010 and headquartered in Valencia, Spain, is a venture capital firm focusing on seed and early-stage investments. They emphasize supporting ambitious founders aiming to create impactful businesses. Draper B1 has a diverse portfolio spanning B2B, B2C, software, marketplaces, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and mobile applications. Notable investments include companies like Signaturit, Streamloots, and Erudit AI. They have supported over 150 companies, providing more than just capital. Draper B1 prides itself on hands-on investment and active portfolio management, leveraging a global network to help startups scale internationally. They have had multiple successful exits, including companies such as Jeff and Civitfun. Their team, led by Managing Partners like Luz Adell and Enrique Penichet Garcia, focuses on local sourcing for global scaling, helping startups navigate both local and international markets effectively. Draper B1 is part of the Draper Venture Network, enhancing their ability to support their portfolio companies with a broad range of resources and connections.

Dreamit Ventures is a leading venture capital firm that focuses on early-stage investments in Healthtech and Securetech startups. Founded in 2008, Dreamit has invested in over 350 companies, helping them scale revenues and achieve significant growth. Notable investments include SeatGeek, Redox, Eko, and Trendkite. Dreamit typically invests in companies that already have revenue or pilots, focusing on those ready to scale rapidly. The firm provides substantial support through its Customer Sprints® and Investor Sprints®, connecting founders with potential customers and investors. This approach helps startups gain traction and secure additional funding. Dreamit’s portfolio companies benefit from deep vertical expertise in cybersecurity, healthcare, and digital health, among other sectors. The firm is headquartered in New York and has a strong presence in the venture capital ecosystem, with a wide network of partners and advisors. Dreamit's investments are characterized by a focus on transformative technology and innovative solutions that address critical needs in their respective industries. For startups looking to engage with Dreamit, it is essential to demonstrate a clear path to revenue growth and scalability. The firm values strong, actionable business plans and provides ongoing support to help companies navigate the challenges of early-stage growth.

Drive Capital is a prominent venture capital firm based in Columbus, Ohio, founded in 2013 by Mark Kvamme and Chris Olsen, both of whom previously worked at Sequoia Capital. The firm focuses on investing in technology startups outside of Silicon Valley, with a particular emphasis on the Midwest, aiming to prove that world-class technology companies can emerge from any region in the United States. Drive Capital has raised over $2 billion to invest in startups solving significant problems in large markets. They have backed more than 80 companies, including notable investments like Duolingo, Root Insurance, Olive, Greenlight, and ApplyBoard. The firm is stage-agnostic, investing in seed, early-stage, and later-stage companies across various sectors such as healthcare, consumer services, information technology, and life sciences. The firm operates with a strong conviction in the potential of entrepreneurs from non-traditional tech hubs and emphasizes long-term partnerships. They seek out market-defining companies and prefer to journey with their portfolio companies from inception to IPO. Drive Capital's strategy is deeply rooted in leveraging local talent and resources, ensuring startups have the best advantages by building where they are strongest. Drive Capital's team includes a diverse group of investors committed to supporting founders with honesty and strategic guidance. They maintain a robust network and offer substantial resources to help startups navigate their growth trajectories. For entrepreneurs looking to engage with Drive Capital, the firm values bold, innovative ideas that address large market opportunities and demonstrate potential for significant impact​.

DSM Venturing, the corporate venture arm of DSM, focuses on investing in innovative startups that align with its mission of improving health, nutrition, and bioscience. Since its inception in 2001, DSM Venturing has invested in over 100 startups across these sectors. Their portfolio includes companies such as NutriLeads, which develops food ingredients with health benefits, and Deep Branch Biotechnology, which converts carbon dioxide into sustainable animal nutrition products. Geographically, DSM Venturing is particularly active in North America and Europe. They typically invest between €1 million and €20 million over the lifetime of a venture, starting with initial investments ranging from €100k to €5 million. They take minority ownership stakes and often lead investment rounds while actively participating in the board activities of their portfolio companies​. DSM Venturing's investment strategy focuses on startups that offer transformative solutions in health, nutrition, and care, as well as animal nutrition and health, and food innovation. They aim to support these companies not only with funding but also with access to DSM's extensive scientific and commercial resources, fostering innovations that have the potential to make significant societal impacts​.