Sector
Energy & Utilities VC Funds
Venture capital funds investing in energy technology, utilities innovation, and power infrastructure startups.
Cisco Investments, the corporate venture capital arm of Cisco, focuses on strategic investments in next-generation enterprise technologies. With over $2 billion in assets under management, Cisco Investments has a robust portfolio that includes companies specializing in AI/ML, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and IoT. Their investment strategy extends beyond financial backing, offering startups access to Cisco's vast network of experts, sales and marketing support, and a global customer base. One of their key initiatives is the Aspire Fund, a $50 million venture fund launched in 2020 to support diverse-led startups and venture funds. This fund specifically targets companies led by women and people of color, aiming to close the significant funding gap for these groups. Cisco Investments also partners with other venture funds such as Work-Bench and Acrew Capital to further their commitment to diversity and inclusion in the tech industry. The leadership team, including Janey Hoe, Derek Idemoto, and Prasad Parthasarathi, emphasizes a strategic approach to investment, integrating Cisco's innovation goals with their commitment to social justice and inclusion. This approach not only helps startups scale but also fosters a more inclusive tech ecosystem globally. Cisco Investments continues to be a driving force in the venture capital landscape, leveraging its strategic position and resources to support the growth and success of innovative startups across various technology sectors.
City Light Capital is an early-stage venture capital firm based in New York, focusing on investments that generate measurable social impact in the areas of education, safety and care, and the environment. They believe in leveraging private markets to address complex, intertwined social issues through scalable solutions. City Light invests in companies where financial success is directly tied to social impact, ensuring that growth in revenue equates to better lives at scale. The firm's portfolio includes a diverse array of impactful companies, such as Maven Clinic, Headspace Health, and OhmConnect, which provide solutions ranging from healthcare to clean energy. City Light typically invests between $50,000 and $3 million, often leading or co-leading rounds at the seed stage and beyond. They also have a dedicated seed investment program, City Spark, which nurtures early-stage companies with the potential for significant social impact. City Light's team is composed of experienced investors, including Partners Josh Cohen, Tom Groos, and Jeff Rinehart. They emphasize close collaboration with entrepreneurs to maximize both financial returns and social outcomes. The firm operates primarily in the United States, with a strong presence in major investment hubs like New York and the Midwest.
Claremont Creek Ventures is an Oakland, California-based seed and early-stage venture capital firm founded in 2005 by entrepreneurs Nat Goldhaber, John Steuart, and Randy Hawks. The firm manages more than $300 million across two funds and has backed over 40 companies. CCV concentrates on digital solutions with the potential to transform large, essential industries — particularly healthcare and energy — that have historically been slow to adopt emerging technologies such as mobility platforms, big data analytics, edge intelligence, and user-centric design. The firm leads the earliest investment rounds, typically committing $1 million to $10 million per company, and has deployed capital across 42 investments. Notable portfolio companies include Clean Power Finance, which pioneered solar financing; EcoATM, which built the automated electronic recycling kiosk network; and Natera, the genomic testing company that listed on NASDAQ. This track record across IPOs, acquisitions, and category-defining companies reflects CCV's focus on sectors where technology penetration remains incomplete. Claremont Creek practices what it calls Lifecycle Venturing — building relationships with entrepreneurs before or alongside early funding and preferring to be present when business concepts are still actively evolving. The team of six brings deep entrepreneurial and operating experience to each partnership, offering hands-on engagement at the stage when strategic input has the greatest leverage on long-term outcomes.
Evergreen Climate Innovations, formerly known as Clean Energy Trust, stands at the forefront of early-stage venture capital with a dedicated focus on high-impact cleantech companies in the Greater Midwest. Since its inception in 2010 by industry luminaries Nick Pritzker and Michael Polsky, the organization has championed the cause of sustainable technology. Through its innovative 501vc® Investment Fund, Evergreen not only provides initial funding but also continues to support companies as they scale, typically investing between $200k and $300k. The fund specializes in nurturing startups that bring revolutionary solutions to environmental challenges, often stepping in as the first institutional investor. This proactive approach is embodied in their rigorous investment process and ongoing engagement, helping 37 portfolio companies thus far with significant success in attracting subsequent capital. Evergreen takes pride in a portfolio where 60% of the companies are led by female or minority founders, underscoring its commitment to diversity and inclusion. Located in Chicago, the team is led by figures such as Marc Altman, the Director of Strategic Partnerships, whose vast experience spans consulting, creative industries, and philanthropy. His leadership is instrumental in sustaining Evergreen’s mission-driven approach to venture capital, blending robust financial strategies with genuine environmental stewardship. For startups looking to make a mark in the cleantech space, Evergreen offers a unique blend of capital, strategic support, and a vast network, providing a fertile ground for innovation and growth in the eco-friendly technology sector.
Clean Energy Venture Group (CEVG) is an angel investment group focused on early-stage climate tech companies. Founded nearly two decades ago, CEVG aims to support startups that offer innovative solutions to combat climate change. The group consists of over 35 experienced entrepreneurs, executives, and investment professionals with deep expertise in energy, engineering, commercialization, and sustainability. CEVG partners often collaborate with Clean Energy Ventures (CEV), a sister organization managing over $400 million in capital commitments, to provide comprehensive support to their portfolio companies. CEVG's mission is to invest in technologies that have the potential to mitigate climate change while achieving attractive financial returns. They have invested in more than 60 climate tech startups, such as Raptor Maps, Global Neighbor, and Copper Labs, which span various sectors including clean energy, water agriculture, food technology, and energy management. The firm emphasizes diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) within their operations and investments. CEVG actively works to break down structural barriers and support diverse teams through initiatives like Browning the Green Space and other community-focused projects.
Clean Energy Ventures (CEV) is a venture capital firm focused on early-stage investments in climate technologies that can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Founded by experienced climate tech investors and entrepreneurs, CEV aims to commercialize disruptive technologies and innovative business models to address global climate challenges. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, and with a new office in London, CEV targets investments in sectors such as renewable energy, energy storage, carbon capture, and sustainable transportation. They prioritize technologies capable of mitigating at least 2.5 gigatons of CO2 emissions by 2050. Their investment strategy involves deep technical due diligence and hands-on support for portfolio companies, including leadership coaching, strategic marketing, IP development, and active board participation. CEV has a robust portfolio featuring companies like Noon Energy, which focuses on long-duration energy storage, and OXCCU, a developer of sustainable aviation fuel. The firm recently closed its second fund with $305 million, aiming to expand its impact and support more groundbreaking climate tech startups. The team at CEV includes notable figures like Nora Mead Brownell, a former FERC Commissioner, and Co-Founders Temple Fennell and Daniel Goldman, who bring extensive experience in energy and finance. Their combined expertise and strategic partnerships position CEV as a leader in the climate tech investment space.
Clean Growth Fund (CGF) is a pioneering £101 million venture capital fund launched in 2020, dedicated to supporting early-stage clean technology companies in the UK. Backed by cornerstone investors such as CCLA and the UK government, CGF focuses on startups that are developing innovative solutions to reduce carbon emissions across critical sectors like power, energy, transport, buildings, and agriculture. The fund’s primary mission is to drive superior financial returns while accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy, directly contributing to the UK’s Net Zero targets by 2050. CGF typically makes initial investments ranging from £500k to £3 million, primarily during Seed and Series A rounds, and plays an active role in scaling these companies. The fund’s portfolio reflects its commitment to high-impact climate tech, featuring companies like Sunswap, which has developed a zero-emission transport refrigeration unit that can reduce emissions by up to 93%, and Holiferm, a University of Manchester spinout producing eco-friendly biosurfactants for consumer products. Under the leadership of Managing Partner Beverley Gower-Jones, who has over 30 years of experience in clean tech and energy, CGF leverages deep industry expertise to provide more than just capital. The firm actively supports its portfolio companies in achieving their business goals, thus ensuring their innovations make a significant contribution to reducing global carbon emissions. CGF’s strategy aligns with its investors' goals, particularly those managing large funds like the South Yorkshire Pensions Authority and Aviva Investors, who are committed to integrating climate solutions into their portfolios.
Clean Impact Ventures is a US-based micro-venture fund focused exclusively on clean technology and sustainability startups. Founded in 2020, the firm deploys pre-seed and seed capital into early-stage companies developing clean technology, renewable energy solutions, and eco-friendly innovations aligned with impact investing principles. With an average check size of approximately $15,000 and a maximum of $25,000 per investment, Clean Impact Ventures operates at the earliest end of the funding spectrum, functioning as an angel syndicate or micro-fund. The fund has made approximately 10 investments to date, concentrated in cleantech and energy. Beyond capital, the firm provides strategic support and network access to help portfolio companies scale their early operations. The micro-check model reflects a deliberate strategy to participate at the concept stage, when environmental impact can be shaped most fundamentally, rather than waiting for proven traction. Clean Impact Ventures anchors its thesis in the belief that accelerating the growth of ventures generating clean environmental impact requires capital willing to move at the earliest possible moment. The firm targets founders building solutions in clean energy, sustainable materials, and adjacent environmental technology, seeking out concepts where small initial checks can meaningfully de-risk the path to follow-on institutional funding.
CleanCapital is a New York-based clean energy investment company founded in 2015. It focuses on accelerating the energy transition by investing in middle-market solar and energy storage projects. With a mission-driven approach, CleanCapital has deployed over $1 billion in renewable energy projects, emphasizing the development of distributed solar generation and battery storage systems across the U.S. Its portfolio includes over 230 operating and new-build projects, totaling more than 460 MW of clean energy capacity. The company is known for its strategic partnerships and expertise in financing, project development, and asset management. CleanCapital collaborates with developers and leverages institutional capital, such as its $500 million commitment from Manulife Investment Management, to scale clean energy solutions and ensure long-term success for renewable projects. Recently, CleanCapital has expanded into energy storage, forming a joint venture with Available Power to develop over 500 MWh of battery storage projects. This initiative aligns with CleanCapital's goal to support the U.S. in reaching 100% carbon-free electricity by 2035.
Cleantech Open, established in 2005, is the world’s largest clean technology accelerator. It has trained over 3,750 entrepreneurs from 2,000 early-stage clean technology startups through its annual business accelerator program. The accelerator focuses on finding, funding, and fostering the most promising cleantech startups that address environmental and energy challenges. Cleantech Open continues to play a crucial role in accelerating the growth of clean tech startups, providing them with the necessary resources, mentorship, and exposure to scale their solutions and make a global impact.
Clear Ventures, founded in 2014 by Rajeev Madhavan and Christopher J. Rust, is a venture capital firm based in Palo Alto, California. The firm specializes in early-stage investments in technology companies, particularly those focusing on enterprise infrastructure, SaaS, and deep tech. Notable investments by Clear Ventures include companies like Kognitos, a firm specializing in enterprise automation, and Opsera, which offers a continuous orchestration platform for DevOps. Other significant investments include Frore Systems, Espresa, and AICrete, showcasing their diverse portfolio across various tech sectors. Clear Ventures has also had successful exits, including Robin.io (acquired by Rakuten) and Reflektion (acquired by Sitecore). Clear Ventures is known for its hands-on approach, providing extensive operational support, strategic guidance, and leveraging their network to help portfolio companies scale. The team, which includes experienced partners like Rajeev Madhavan and Christopher J. Rust, brings deep industry expertise and a strong track record in nurturing tech startups.
ClearSky is a venture capital and growth equity firm specializing in cybersecurity and sustainable energy investments. Founded in 2012 and based in Juno Beach, Florida, ClearSky manages approximately $1 billion in capital commitments. The firm focuses on transformative technology and platforms that drive the energy transition and enhance cybersecurity. Notable investments in ClearSky’s portfolio include companies such as Guardz, CyberGRX, and Lasso Security, which highlight their commitment to network management software and cybersecurity. ClearSky also supports sustainable energy ventures, reflecting their dual focus on technology that benefits both security and sustainability. ClearSky typically invests in early to growth-stage companies, with initial investment sizes ranging from $1 million to $5 million. They are known for their hands-on approach, often leading or co-leading investments and taking board seats to provide strategic guidance. The leadership team, including co-founders Alexander Weiss and James Huff, brings extensive industry expertise, leveraging deep sector knowledge and long-standing relationships to identify and support high-potential investments.
Cleo Capital is a venture capital firm founded in 2018 by Sarah Kunst, based in San Francisco, California. The firm focuses on early-stage investments, primarily targeting the pre-seed and seed stages. Cleo Capital is particularly committed to backing companies in sectors such as fintech, healthtech, web3, and the creator economy, with a key focus on three main investment theses: the Future of Income, Complicated Consumer, and Decentralized Enterprise. Cleo typically invests between $100K to $1M in startups with high growth potential, particularly those building software with the potential to become multi-billion-dollar enterprises. The firm has invested in over 40 companies, including notable startups like Ellevest, Kobold Metals, Hill House Home, and FalconX. As a general partner, Sarah Kunst is recognized as one of the top innovators in venture capital and has been involved in initiatives like Bumble Fund, advising underrepresented founders. Cleo Capital also places a strong emphasis on supporting entrepreneurs with long-term guidance and creating value within its portfolio.
Climactic VC is a venture capital firm founded in 2021 by Josh Felser, co-founder of Freestyle Capital, and Raj Kapoor, former Chief Strategy Officer at Lyft. The firm focuses on investing in early-stage climate technology startups that are working on innovative solutions to combat climate change. Climactic VC's mission is to support visionary founders who are addressing some of the planet's most pressing challenges, including sustainability, carbon reduction, and creating a more circular economy. The firm's inaugural fund, launched with $65 million, is dedicated to accelerating the growth of software-first climate tech startups. Climactic VC places a strong emphasis on backing companies that can scale rapidly and have the potential to make significant environmental impacts. The firm operates out of New York City and San Francisco, California, reflecting its bi-coastal approach to finding and nurturing top-tier climate tech innovators. Climactic VC is particularly interested in sectors such as energy, mobility, and enterprise solutions that can drive systemic change in how industries operate and how resources are managed. The firm seeks to create partnerships that not only deliver strong financial returns but also contribute meaningfully to the global effort to mitigate climate change.
Climate Capital is an early-stage venture capital firm focused on investing in climate tech startups. Founded in 2018 by Sundeep Ahuja, Climate Capital aims to address climate change through strategic investments in innovative technologies that reduce emissions and promote climate adaptation. The firm supports over 350 teams working on various solutions, including clean energy production, carbon emission reduction, and sustainable lifestyle transformations. Climate Capital operates multiple funds and syndicates, such as the Seed, Growth, Bio, and Climate Scout Fund. This platform approach allows the firm to build expertise across specific verticals and leverage efficiencies of scale. The firm provides founders access to a wide network of partners, resources, and LPs to accelerate growth. Their portfolio includes companies like Mosaic, Moxion Power, and Ampaire, showcasing their commitment to diverse climate solutions. Climate Capital is highly networked, with over 2,500 climate investors, founders, operators, and enthusiasts in their community. This extensive network helps founders find talent, customers, strategic partners, and additional investors.
Climate Change Ventures (CC Ventures) is an integrated financial services and project development firm founded in 2018, focused on developing, advising, and financing the energy transition with the prime objective of reducing carbon footprints. The firm operates at the intersection of climate finance, project development, and venture capital, bringing together experienced advisors and fund managers who specialize in the cleantech and sustainability space. It invests across the United States and Europe. The firm participates in seed and Series A rounds with checks typically ranging from $500,000 to $3 million per investment, backing companies in clean technology and energy transition across eight documented investments. Beyond direct venture investment, Climate Change Ventures takes an integrated approach — combining capital with advisory and project development capabilities to support the energy transition more broadly. Climate Change Ventures positions itself as a bridge between traditional finance and the emerging energy transition economy. By combining fund management expertise with project development and advisory services, the firm aims to deploy capital that accelerates decarbonization across multiple verticals — from renewable energy infrastructure to cleantech startups — with a focus on measurable reduction of carbon footprint as the unifying investment criterion.
Climate Impact Capital is a Houston-based venture capital firm focused on early-stage investments that aim to address the challenges of climate change. Founded in 2016 by Alexander Rozenfeld, the firm targets innovative solutions in sectors such as alternative energy, agriculture, automotive, and household appliances. The firm’s portfolio includes companies like OpConnect, a leader in electric vehicle infrastructure, and Syzygy Plasmonics, which is developing sustainable energy technologies. Climate Impact Capital specializes in providing both financial backing and strategic guidance to startups with high potential for reducing environmental impact. The firm often co-invests alongside other major players like Chevron Technology Ventures, helping its portfolio companies scale through strong industry partnerships. With a mission to combat climate change through technology, Climate Impact Capital continues to invest in areas that promote sustainable development and long-term environmental impact, fostering innovation while driving profitable growth.
EIT Climate-KIC is Europe's leading climate innovation agency, founded in 2010 and headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The organization is dedicated to accelerating the transition to a zero-carbon economy by fostering systemic change through innovation. As part of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), Climate-KIC supports over 400 partners across 60 countries, including cities, regions, industries, and start-ups. Climate-KIC's strategy for 2024-2030, titled "Transformation, With Urgency," focuses on enabling climate-resilient and carbon-neutral futures for more than 400 cities and regions. This strategy emphasizes collaboration across public and private sectors and the necessity of addressing the "messy middle" of climate innovation—where profound systemic changes are most needed. Climate-KIC has supported more than 700 investments in climate-tech startups, with an impressive portfolio that includes companies like Bound4Blue and RepAir, which are pioneering new solutions in renewable energy and carbon capture. The organization also places a strong emphasis on diversity, with 35% of its portfolio companies having at least one female founder. By leveraging its extensive network and innovative programs, EIT Climate-KIC continues to drive forward large-scale climate solutions, making significant strides in transforming cities and industries across Europe and beyond.
The Climate Pledge Fund is Amazon's $2 billion corporate venture fund dedicated to investing in innovative companies that can help achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2040, supporting Amazon's commitments under The Climate Pledge. Launched in 2020, the fund focuses on climate technology solutions across various sectors, including energy, transportation, circular economy, and carbon removal, among others. It seeks to support companies at different stages, from early startups to established enterprises, providing financial backing through preferred equity or convertible debt, rather than grants. The portfolio includes companies such as Rivian, Redwood Materials, and ZeroAvia, each addressing significant challenges in sustainability. For example, Rivian works on electric vehicles, while Redwood Materials focuses on recycling battery materials. The fund's global scope means it considers investments from across the world, promoting scalable solutions that can help reduce carbon emissions on a large scale. Cencora Ventures leverages Amazon's vast resources and expertise to help portfolio companies scale effectively. This includes facilitating connections within Amazon's ecosystem, providing guidance on commercialization, and supporting market expansion. The Climate Pledge Fund also encourages partnerships with other companies and stakeholders who have signed The Climate Pledge, further extending its impact on global sustainability efforts.
Climate VC is a venture capital firm founded in 2021 and based in Surrey, United Kingdom. The firm focuses on investing in early-stage companies that are developing innovative solutions in the climate tech sector. Their investment strategy emphasizes supporting businesses that operate in B2B, environmental services, energy, clean technology, and other sectors directly related to mitigating climate change. Climate VC is particularly committed to impact investing, aiming to support startups that not only promise strong financial returns but also have a significant positive impact on the environment. The firm has made around 20 investments, backing companies that are working on groundbreaking technologies and business models designed to address climate challenges. Climate VC's portfolio includes companies such as Kita, which operates in the commercial services sector, and Beta Bugs, focusing on animal husbandry. Their investments are carefully selected to align with their mission of digitizing, decarbonizing, and decentralizing the energy sector, contributing to a more sustainable future.
Climentum Capital is a Copenhagen-based venture capital firm launched in 2022, focused on investing in early-stage European climate tech startups that are driving significant CO2 reductions. The firm is particularly known for its commitment to "hard-tech" solutions—innovations that combine hardware and deep technology to address major industrial challenges. Climentum Capital invests primarily in Seed and Series A rounds, with typical investments ranging from €1 million to €5 million. The firm's investment thesis centers on six key sectors: Next Generation Renewables, Food & Agriculture, Industry & Manufacturing, Buildings & Architecture, Transportation & Mobility, and Waste & Materials. With offices in Copenhagen, Berlin, and Stockholm, Climentum has a strong presence in the Nordics and the DACH region, areas known for their leadership in sustainability and industrial innovation. Climentum Capital operates as an Article 9 fund, which under the EU's Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) means that all of its investments must have a measurable positive impact on the environment. The firm uses a dual carry structure, linking financial returns with CO2 emissions reduction goals to ensure that both economic and environmental objectives are met. In 2024, Climentum announced plans to launch a second fund, targeting €100 million to continue its mission of supporting high-impact climate tech startups across Europe. The firm has already made significant investments in companies like Qvantum and Novatron Fusion, which are developing next-generation heat pumps and fusion reactors, respectively.
Closed Loop Partners is a New York-based investment firm dedicated to advancing the circular economy through venture capital, growth equity, private equity, and catalytic capital investments. The firm focuses on transforming linear supply chains into circular ones by investing in innovations across material science, robotics, agritech, sustainable consumer products, and advanced recycling technologies. Established in 2014, Closed Loop Partners has made significant strides in promoting sustainability and reducing waste. The firm manages several funds, including the Closed Loop Ventures Group, which targets early-stage companies, and the Closed Loop Leadership Fund, a private equity fund focused on acquiring and building businesses that enhance circular supply chains. Key sectors of investment include plastics and packaging, fashion, food and agriculture, and technology. The firm’s portfolio boasts companies like AMP Robotics, Algramo, and Evrnu, which are at the forefront of sustainable innovations. Closed Loop Partners emphasizes the importance of aligning economic growth with environmental impact, having kept millions of tons of materials in circulation and avoided significant greenhouse gas emissions through its investments. Overall, Closed Loop Partners leverages its extensive network and expertise to support the development and scaling of solutions that contribute to a resilient and waste-free economy.
CMA CGM Group is a global leader in shipping and logistics, based in Marseille, France. Founded in 1978, the company has grown into a major player in global trade, operating a fleet of over 620 vessels that serve 420 ports across five continents. It specializes in container shipping but has expanded its operations to include air freight, land transportation, and logistics services through its subsidiary, CEVA Logistics. This diversification enables CMA CGM to offer comprehensive supply chain solutions, from shipping and warehousing to last-mile delivery. The company is known for its commitment to innovation and sustainability. With ambitious goals like achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, CMA CGM is investing in alternative energy sources like liquefied natural gas (LNG) and biofuels. The group also integrates cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain to enhance operational efficiency and offer smart, secure logistics solutions. Additionally, through acquisitions like Ingram Micro's Commerce & Lifecycle Services (CLS), CMA CGM aims to strengthen its e-commerce and contract logistics capabilities, making it one of the top global providers in this space. The company also focuses on digitalization to optimize its services and customer experience across its supply chain network.
Coatue Management is a top-tier venture capital firm renowned for its investments in transformative technology companies. With notable investments in industry giants like ByteDance, Niantic, Airtable, and DoorDash, Coatue's portfolio is diverse and impressive. They focus primarily on sectors such as fintech, enterprise software, healthcare, and AI, investing globally with a strong presence in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Coatue operates across multiple investment stages, from early-stage venture capital to growth equity and public markets. Their strategy involves deploying significant capital swiftly to capture emerging opportunities, with investments ranging from $10 million to over $100 million. They are known for their agility and ability to provide strategic support and resources to their portfolio companies. Led by founder Philippe Laffont and his brother Thomas Laffont, the team includes heavy-hitters like Dan Rose, a former VP at Facebook, and enterprise investment experts Jade Lai and Nina Gerson. They have offices in New York, Menlo Park, Los Angeles, London, and Hong Kong, reflecting their global reach. Coatue prefers startups to approach them through their network, valuing introductions that demonstrate a strong product-market fit and the potential for significant impact. The firm is highly active, often leading funding rounds and providing ongoing support to help their companies scale.
Cocoon Capital, founded in 2016 by William Klippgen and Michael Blakey, is a venture capital firm based in Singapore. The firm focuses on seed and early-stage investments in enterprise and deep-tech startups across Southeast Asia. Cocoon Capital has a strong track record of helping startups achieve significant growth, maintaining close relationships with Series A and B funds in the region to facilitate future funding rounds. Their portfolio includes innovative companies such as See-Mode Technologies, BuyMed, SensorFlow, and Lendela. These startups span various industries including medtech, logistics, financial software, and sustainability. Cocoon Capital's approach involves providing substantial support to founders, acting as trusted advisors and helping them navigate early-stage challenges to achieve product-market fit and scale their businesses. Cocoon Capital has made 55 investments and has had successful exits with companies like JazzyPay and FoodRazor. They focus on investing in a limited number of startups each year, allowing them to dedicate ample time and resources to each portfolio company. This hands-on model has led to a high success rate, with over 70% of their portfolio companies progressing to Series A funding.
CoFound Partners is a New York-based venture capital firm that focuses on helping founders build scalable sales processes, primarily investing in early-stage B2B software companies. The fund, led by Jordan Wan, emphasizes GTM (go-to-market) strategies and provides hands-on support to founders, leveraging its expertise and extensive network to help startups secure key early customers and hire critical talent. CoFound typically makes 5-7 high-conviction investments per year, with an initial check size between $250k-$500k, and reserves half of its fund for follow-on rounds. Their portfolio includes notable companies like ChartHop, Cue Health, and Plaid, with a focus on sectors such as enterprise SaaS, digital health, fintech, and climate tech. While most of their investments are U.S.-based, they occasionally invest in companies from Canada, Western Europe, and Israel. CoFound's approach is highly collaborative, often co-investing alongside top-tier firms like Andreessen Horowitz and Index Ventures. For startups, CoFound is a first-check investor that brings a wealth of operational expertise, especially in sales strategy and talent acquisition. Founders working with CoFound receive not only financial backing but also mentorship in building a repeatable sales motion, which has proven valuable in scaling companies like Gentem and Reclaim.ai.
Collab Capital is an Atlanta-based venture firm founded in 2020 with a mission to empower Black entrepreneurs by bridging the venture capital funding gap. Co-founded by Jewel Burks Solomon, Barry Givens, and Justin Dawkins, the firm focuses on investing in Black-owned startups, providing both capital and strategic guidance to help them grow sustainably. Their unique investment approach combines profit-sharing and equity, offering an alternative to traditional VC models, which helps founders retain more control of their businesses. With an inaugural $50 million fund, Collab Capital aims to support around 50 companies over the next few years, targeting industries like fintech, healthcare, and media. Some of their notable portfolio companies include Goodr, a sustainable food waste management platform, Hairbrella, an innovative weather-resistant headwear brand, and Jax Rideshare, which provides car rentals for gig economy workers. Their investments typically range from $500,000 to $2 million, prioritizing startups in underserved regions such as Atlanta, DC, Baltimore, and Detroit. Collab Capital’s broader goal is to foster generational wealth and economic equality by backing Black innovation and ensuring founders have the resources to scale their businesses without sacrificing ownership.
Collaborative Fund, founded in 2010 by Craig Shapiro, is a venture capital firm focused on supporting entrepreneurs and ideas that push the world forward. The firm primarily invests in early-stage companies across various sectors, including next-gen consumer products, climate solutions, industrial transformation, food innovation, and precision health. Some of their notable investments include Beyond Meat, Lyft, Impossible Foods, and Sweetgreen. The firm recently raised $200 million for two new funds: Collaborative V and Collaborative Growth. Collaborative V focuses on early-stage investments, while Collaborative Growth targets more established startups looking to scale. Collaborative Fund's investment philosophy emphasizes sustainability, social impact, and innovative solutions that address global challenges.
Colle Capital is a global, early-stage venture fund known for its opportunistic approach. Led by founder Victoria Grace, Colle focuses on sectors such as logistics, fintech, healthcare, and advanced technology, often backing companies with strong data-driven models. Key investments include notable names like Maven Clinic, Hyliion, LiquidPiston, and MarketMuse, highlighting its diverse portfolio from digital health to AI. Based in New York, the fund does not limit itself geographically, investing across the U.S., Europe, and emerging markets. Colle Capital primarily targets seed to Series A stages, with a flexible strategy that includes both leading and co-investing in rounds. They’re known for writing checks ranging from $1M to $5M depending on the company’s potential and sector. Victoria Grace, with her background in private equity and investment banking, emphasizes supporting innovative startups with scalable impact. Colle looks for strong founders and products with a clear path to commercialization. Startups seeking to pitch should focus on data integrity, market scalability, and strategic vision, as these are critical criteria for the fund. Colle remains active in sectors with strong network effects and emerging technologies.
Columbia Lake Partners (CLP) is a leading venture debt provider headquartered in London, specializing in growth loans for European technology companies. Established in 2014, CLP has a strong track record of supporting high-growth firms with flexible financing solutions, having managed over £300 million in credit and portfolio relationships across more than 100 companies. CLP’s investment portfolio features a diverse range of innovative companies, including Catawiki, an online auction platform for collectibles; Mews, a cutting-edge hospitality management system; and Scoro, a comprehensive work management software. Other notable portfolio companies are Shapr3D, an intuitive CAD tool, and Zoovu, an AI-driven digital sales assistant platform. The firm operates with a dedicated team of experienced investors, including Senior Investment Associate Kevin Hargaden and Finance Manager Elza Cloete, both bringing extensive backgrounds in strategy, finance, and corporate ventures. The advisory board features notable figures like Brian Feinstein from Bessemer Venture Partners and David Fischer from Gold Hill Capital, adding substantial industry expertise to CLP’s strategic guidance. CLP’s approach focuses on providing not only capital but also strategic support, leveraging its deep industry connections and expertise to help companies scale effectively. Their investments span various stages from pre-seed to series B, addressing the unique needs of each growth phase.
Comcast Ventures, established in 1999 and headquartered in New York, is the corporate venture capital arm of Comcast Corporation. The firm focuses on early to growth-stage investments across various sectors, including digital health, energy, fintech, future of work, and proptech. Leveraging the resources and network of Comcast NBCUniversal, Comcast Ventures aims to help its portfolio companies accelerate growth and achieve meaningful impact. Some of Comcast Ventures' notable investments include Slack, Nextdoor, Instacart, and DocuSign. These investments highlight the firm's focus on companies that drive innovation and shape the future of their respective industries. Recently, Comcast Ventures has made investments in companies like SafeBase, Hume, and HealthSnap, showcasing its commitment to supporting technology-driven solutions in healthcare and AI. The firm is led by a team of experienced partners, including Managing Partner Allison Goldberg, who plays a key role in guiding their investment strategy. Comcast Ventures' approach combines the agility of a venture fund with the strategic insights of a corporate investor, providing a comprehensive support system for startups.
Commercialization Reactor is an international platform and venture capital fund based in Riga, Latvia, with a unique focus on bringing deep-tech startups to market by connecting scientists and entrepreneurs. Founded in 2009 by Nikolai Adamovitch, the fund targets early-stage investments, particularly in sectors like biotechnology, energy, sustainability, health tech, and environmental technologies. The platform is known for its hands-on approach, providing pre-acceleration and acceleration programs to help startups commercialize scientific breakthroughs. Commercialization Reactor invests primarily at the pre-seed and seed stages, with typical investment amounts ranging from $54,000 to $2.5 million. Their approach emphasizes fostering collaboration between research institutions and entrepreneurial talent across Europe, particularly Latvia. Recent investments include companies like Fintelligence and Elogium, reflecting their focus on productivity software and biotech innovations.
Compass Ventures Group is a venture capital and investment firm founded in 2007, headquartered in Hong Kong with deep Israel-China bridge operations. Founded by Dr. Ronen Dagon — a former Senior Advisor to the Israeli Minister of Economics under Prime Minister Shimon Peres and a former World Bank consultant — the firm is led by CEO Moshe Kamar and President Dan Raviv. Compass serves as a gateway into the Chinese market through established ties with the NDRC and NDRC-ICC. Key subsidiaries include Compass Bio Tech, Compass HLS, and the China-Israel Innovation Center in Beijing, launched in partnership with ZGC and the Haidian government. Through its Compass-Giza fund, the firm sources technology investments from Israel's startup ecosystem and deploys them into China, India, and broader emerging markets. Across 74 portfolio companies and roughly $5 million average checks, the firm has achieved 8 IPOs and 24 acquisitions. Notable exits include Altair, Applied Optoelectronics, and Magic Software Enterprises. Sectors span healthcare, agritech, homeland security, medical devices, water technologies, energy efficiency, and entertainment technologies. Compass Ventures' structural advantage lies in its institutional relationships on both sides of the Israel-China corridor. By combining Israeli technology sourcing with Chinese market access and government relationships, the firm creates a bridge few investors can replicate — enabling portfolio companies to reach large Asian markets that require local political and commercial partnerships to enter successfully.
Compound is a thesis-driven, research-centric investment firm that focuses on early-stage investments across deeply technical and science-driven areas. The firm is dedicated to accelerating the futures envisioned by its founders, helping them solve complex technical problems, communicate breakthroughs, and scale commercialization efforts. Founded by Michael Dempsey, Compound has a diverse team of investors, researchers, and operators with extensive domain expertise. Notable team members include General Partner David Hirsch and Venture Partners like Celeste Holz-Schietinger, who has a background in biology and was instrumental in creating plant-based meat products at Impossible Foods. Compound's portfolio is broad, encompassing sectors like AI/ML, robotics, healthcare, biology, and crypto. Notable investments include companies such as Deepgram, Hyphen, Arbitrum, and Dapper Labs. The firm emphasizes a hands-on approach and leverages its network and prior experiences to support the growth and success of its portfolio companies.
Conduit Ventures, established in 2001 and headquartered in London, is a venture capital firm focused on the energy sector, particularly high-efficiency energy storage and generation solutions. The firm operates globally with additional offices in Kuwait and Shanghai. They prioritize investments in technologies that promote the transition to low-carbon energy, working with companies that offer innovative alternatives to traditional energy sources. Notable investments by Conduit Ventures include Ballard Power Systems, a leading manufacturer of hydrogen fuel cells; Blue World Technologies, which specializes in methanol-based fuel cells; and SFC Energy, known for its direct methanol fuel cells (Tracxn). They have also invested in Protonex, a developer of PEM-based fuel cell technologies, and Hydrexia, which provides solid-state hydrogen storage solutions. Conduit Ventures has a history of successful exits, including companies like Amminex Emissions Technology, Protonex Technology Corporation, and Heliocentris. The firm is led by founder and CEO John Butt and focuses on both early and growth-stage investments, with a strong emphasis on sustainability and impact investing.
Congruent Ventures is a leading early-stage venture capital firm focusing on climate tech and sustainability. Based in San Francisco, they have a robust portfolio featuring notable startups like AMP Robotics, Span.io, and Meati Foods. Since its inception in 2016, Congruent has specialized in North American investments, particularly at the pre-seed to Series A stages, across sectors including food, energy, and advanced materials. With $1 billion in assets under management, Congruent typically leads two-thirds of its investments and is often the first institutional investor in 80% of its portfolio companies. Their average check size varies but primarily targets early-stage funding needs. Recently, they've been highly active, closing their $275 million Fund III to continue backing transformative climate solutions. The team, led by co-founders Abe Yokell and Josh Posamentier, along with partners like Jackie Kossmann and Tanuj Dutta, combines deep expertise in climate tech and venture capital. They emphasize a hands-on approach, working closely with founders from inception to scaling. For startups seeking investment, Congruent Ventures values direct approaches via email and emphasizes alignment with their mission of tackling climate change through innovative technologies. They prefer entrepreneurs who can demonstrate substantial impact potential and readiness for early-stage investment.
Connecticut Innovations (CI) is Connecticut’s strategic venture capital arm, dedicated to supporting the state's innovative and high-growth companies. Founded in 1989, CI invests across various industries, including biotech, IT, cleantech, and advanced manufacturing. They manage several funds, including the $50 million Future Fund, which targets early-stage, tech-enabled startups with diverse teams, emphasizing underrepresented founders. Investment sizes range from $250,000 to $1.5 million. Notable investments from CI’s diverse portfolio include companies like Athletic Brewing, Budderfly, and Veradermics. The firm’s commitment to diversity is further highlighted by the ClimateTech Fund, a $100 million initiative to support climate and adaptation technology ventures aimed at decarbonization and job creation in Connecticut. Leading the team is CEO Matt McCooe, who brings over 25 years of venture capital experience. Key team members also include Alison Malloy, Managing Director of Investments, who co-manages the Future Fund, and Konstantine Drakonakis, Managing Director for the ClimateTech Fund. Connecticut Innovations prioritizes companies that are willing to maintain a presence in Connecticut, leveraging co-investment opportunities to maximize growth potential and support from a network of experienced partners and advisors. Their holistic approach involves strategic guidance, financial backing, and extensive networking opportunities to ensure portfolio companies thrive
Constellation Technology Ventures (CTV) is the venture capital arm of Constellation Energy, one of the largest producers of clean, carbon-free energy in the U.S. Founded in 2010, CTV focuses on investing in innovative energy technologies that support the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon future. Their portfolio includes startups working in areas like electrification, emissions management, digital energy strategies, and renewable energy. CTV typically invests between $2M and $10M in early to growth-stage companies, looking for startups that can bring significant commercial value to Constellation’s broader energy ecosystem. They aim to support businesses with scalable technologies that can drive the future of energy, such as XGS Energy (geothermal solutions) and Measurabl (ESG data management for real estate). Beyond financial investment, CTV actively collaborates with portfolio companies, helping them integrate into Constellation’s operations and connect with commercial partners. Their focus on both hardware and software technologies allows them to engage with a wide range of energy innovations, from smart grids to carbon tracking.
Construct Capital is an early-stage venture capital firm, founded in 2020 by Dayna Grayson and Rachel Holt. The firm focuses on investing in foundational industries that are key to the economy, such as manufacturing, transportation, supply chain, and logistics. These sectors drive over half of the U.S. GDP, yet they have been underinvested in for decades. Construct Capital aims to address this gap by supporting technology-driven startups that are transforming these critical industries. Construct typically invests in Seed and Series A rounds, with check sizes ranging from $1 million to $10 million. The firm backs innovative companies like Hadrian, which is automating precision manufacturing for space and defense, and Copia, which introduces developer tools for industrial automation. With a strong operator-investor background—Dayna Grayson’s experience in industrial tech investing and Rachel Holt’s leadership at Uber—Construct provides hands-on support to founders. Their $140 million debut fund and the recently announced $300 million second fund enable them to continue leading investments in bold founders who are reimagining these industries.
Contour Venture Partners, based in New York City since 2005, specializes in seed-stage investments within the enterprise SaaS, vertical B2B SaaS, and financial services sectors. They are particularly focused on startups that leverage innovative software solutions. Contour is known for its significant early investments in notable companies such as Datadog, Movable Ink, and Ellevest. The firm primarily invests in the Northeastern United States, capitalizing on the region's robust technology and financial services sectors. Contour typically leads or co-leads investment rounds, with initial investments ranging from $500,000 to $2 million, and provides ongoing support through subsequent funding stages. Contour's investment strategy centers on partnering with passionate, experienced entrepreneurs who are committed to transforming their industries. They prioritize companies with scalable products, strong market potential, and capable management teams. Contour's active involvement includes board representation and strategic guidance in areas like sales, growth strategies, and exit planning. The team at Contour, led by co-founders Matt Gorin and Bob Greene, brings extensive venture capital and entrepreneurial experience. Their collective expertise spans multiple market cycles and industry sectors, enabling them to offer invaluable support to their portfolio companies. Startups seeking investment from Contour are advised to demonstrate a clear path to profitability and significant market impact. The firm values long-term partnerships and looks for leaders with integrity, deep industry knowledge, and a passion for their business.
C Ventures is a dynamic venture capital firm specializing in disruptive startups that redefine industries. The firm’s notable investments include companies like XpressBees, GlobalBees, and FirstCry, which showcase their knack for identifying potential market leaders early. With a strategic focus on consumer technology, e-commerce, and health tech, C Ventures is actively involved in sectors that promise high growth and innovation. Geographically, C Ventures casts a wide net but shows a pronounced interest in emerging markets, especially in Asia and the United States. Their investment strategy is centered around nurturing early to growth-stage companies, often leading funding rounds to provide not just capital but also strategic guidance. They look for startups with strong leadership teams, scalable business models, and significant market opportunities. Typically, C Ventures writes checks averaging between $1M and $10M, depending on the stage and potential of the investment. They prefer to lead rounds, allowing them to play a hands-on role in the growth trajectory of their portfolio companies. The firm has been particularly active in recent years, demonstrating a keen interest in technology-driven solutions that address modern consumer needs. Startups looking to catch the eye of C Ventures should emphasize their market fit and scalability. The firm’s team, including seasoned investors like Sudhir Sethi, brings a wealth of expertise from both the venture and entrepreneurial worlds, providing invaluable insights and support to their investments. C Ventures operates with a global perspective but maintains a strong foothold in local markets, ensuring their portfolio companies receive tailored support to thrive.
Contrary, founded in 2016 and headquartered in San Francisco, focuses on identifying and investing in top entrepreneurial talent from the seed stage through to scaling. The firm has a portfolio that spans various industries, including technology, healthcare, and financial services. Notable investments include Zepto, an on-demand grocery delivery service in India, and Ramp, a finance automation platform designed to streamline business expenses. Other significant investments are in companies like Orchard Robotics, which focuses on precision agriculture, and Memora Health, an operating system for care delivery. Contrary's investment strategy revolves around a talent-driven approach, supporting exceptional entrepreneurs with not just capital, but also strategic and operational guidance. The firm has made 87 investments and has been involved in significant exits like Rubrik and Aryeo. The leadership team, including founder Eric Tarczynski and partners like Jason Chen and Will Robbins, brings a wealth of experience in venture capital and startup growth. Contrary emphasizes building a strong community of founders and leveraging a robust network to support portfolio companies.
Conversion Capital, based in New York, is a venture capital firm that specializes in early-stage investments, particularly in fintech, software, data, and cloud infrastructure. Founded in 2015 by Christian Lawless, Conversion Capital focuses on partnering with top entrepreneurs leveraging emerging technologies to solve significant global problems. The firm's portfolio includes notable investments in companies such as Ramp, Vesta, Figure, Braid, Blend, Wisetack, and Booster Fuels. Conversion Capital typically deploys initial checks ranging from $500,000 to $5 million in pre-seed through Series A rounds. To date, their investments have raised $7 billion in follow-on capital and created a total market capitalization of $35 billion. The firm has seen 17 successful exits through acquisitions or IPOs. Conversion Capital recently launched its third fund, aiming to invest $122 million in 25-30 early-stage companies, particularly those in the U.S. and U.K. The firm is committed to backing startups that stand to benefit from macroeconomic trends and technological shifts, especially those transitioning critical operating infrastructure to the cloud.
Core Innovation Capital is a leading venture capital firm based in Los Angeles, founded in 2010 by Arjan Schütte. The firm focuses on early-stage investments in fintech companies that aim to democratize financial services and create upward mobility for everyday people. Core Innovation Capital has invested over $250 million in more than 80 startups, driving a significant social impact estimated at $168 billion. Notable investments include Ripple, NerdWallet, Bestow, and Oportun, showcasing Core's commitment to financial inclusion and innovation. Core targets fintech infrastructure, consumer finance, insuretech, and adjacent sectors, primarily leading pre-seed, seed, and Series A rounds. Core's investment strategy emphasizes aligning profit with social impact. They seek out mission-driven startups with scalable solutions that address the financial needs of underserved communities. Their average check size varies but typically ranges from $2 million to $10 million. The leadership team includes Arjan Schütte, Zev Wexler (COO/CFO), and recent additions like Chris Bishko, Edwin Loredo, and David Roos, who bring a wealth of experience from various financial and fintech backgrounds. The team's deep industry expertise and commitment to financial health make Core a valuable partner for fintech entrepreneurs aiming to make a significant social impact while achieving financial success.
Correlation Ventures, founded in 2006 and based in San Francisco, leverages predictive analytics to make investment decisions, positioning itself as a unique player in the venture capital landscape. With over 519 investments, the firm has backed notable companies such as IonQ, MosaicML, Imperfect Foods, and Personal Capital. Their innovative approach allows them to make rapid investment decisions, typically within two weeks, without traditional due diligence, making them a preferred co-investor for many lead venture capitalists. Correlation Ventures typically invests between $1 million and $4 million, focusing on diverse sectors including AI, fintech, healthcare, and consumer products. Their portfolio is characterized by a high level of diversification, including early investments in companies that have achieved significant exits such as Synthorx, which was acquired by Sanofi for $2.5 billion, and Personal Capital, acquired by Empower for $875 million. The firm was co-founded by David Coats and Trevor Kienzle, who continue to lead the team alongside key figures like Wesley Barrow and Grace Chui-Miller. With offices in San Francisco, San Diego, and New York City, Correlation Ventures continues to expand its influence by applying data-driven insights to support its investment strategy and portfolio growth.
Cota Capital, founded in 2015 and based in San Francisco, is a multi-stage investment firm focusing on enterprise technology. The firm aims to support companies through both private and public investments, leveraging a strategic and operational approach to drive growth. Cota Capital invests in sectors such as AI, cloud computing, fintech, and cybersecurity, with notable portfolio companies including OpenGov and Mission Bio. Led by founder Bobby Yazdani, Cota Capital emphasizes a partnership model, working closely with portfolio companies to build long-term value. Their investment range typically covers early to growth stages, providing substantial support to innovative ventures.
Cottonwood Technology Fund is a venture capital firm specializing in seed and early-stage investments in technology-driven businesses. With offices in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Enschede, the Netherlands, the fund focuses on sectors such as chemistry and material sciences, photonics, robotics, medical technology, and clean energy. Their investment strategy targets hard science and deep tech startups, providing crucial support for commercialization and global scaling. Notable investments include companies like Skorpios Technologies, BayoTech, Respira Therapeutics, Infinitum Electric, and Exagen. Cottonwood is known for its hands-on approach, offering more than just financial backing by actively helping with strategy alignment, market entry, and connecting portfolio companies with potential customers and strategic partners. The firm’s team, led by Managing Director Dave Blivin and General Partner Alain le Loux, brings diverse expertise and a strong entrepreneurial mindset, making Cottonwood a valuable partner for startups in their portfolio.
Counteract is a London-based venture capital fund dedicated to advancing carbon removal technologies. Launched with its inaugural fund, Counteract One, the firm is committed to catalyzing large-scale CO2 removal by investing in early-stage companies across a variety of carbon removal methods. The fund’s goal is ambitious: to enable the removal of 5 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 by 2050. Counteract targets a broad range of carbon removal solutions, including direct air capture, bioenergy, mineralization, and natural climate solutions such as forestry and regenerative agriculture. The firm invests globally, focusing on pre-seed and seed-stage companies with the potential to scale and make a substantial impact on the carbon removal industry. Counteract typically writes first checks ranging from $250K to $1M, seeking to back companies that meet its strict criteria of scalability, sustainability, and the ability to generate a viable long-term business model. The portfolio includes innovative startups like Vesta, RepAir, and Agricarbon, all of which focus on groundbreaking technologies designed to capture or sequester CO2. Counteract’s investment strategy is driven by a deep understanding of the carbon removal ecosystem, and the firm emphasizes the need for global collaboration to meet climate goals. With support from major investors like Equinor Ventures and Anglo American, the firm is positioned as a leader in the carbon removal space, aiming to foster innovations that will help mitigate the global climate crisis.
Courtyard Ventures is an early-stage venture capital firm based in Berkeley, California, focused on investing in startups that emerge from the UC Berkeley ecosystem. Founded in 2021, the firm supports student and alumni-led ventures, leveraging its connection to UC Berkeley’s innovative network. Courtyard Ventures specializes in sectors like business software, education technology, and logistics, aiming to fuel startups with high growth potential. The fund has backed companies like Ruuf, a platform in the information services space, and EdVisorly, an education-focused startup. Courtyard typically invests at the seed stage, providing early funding and strategic support to help startups navigate the complexities of scaling their businesses. Led by partners such as Dogakan Toka and Kevin Chang, Courtyard Ventures focuses on nurturing founders through its extensive network, especially within the Haas MBA program and other Berkeley alumni connections. With an eye on building category-leading companies, Courtyard Ventures is well-positioned to drive innovation from the university's entrepreneurial ecosystem.
CPT Capital, based in London, is the venture capital arm of a leading private family office. The firm specializes in investing in companies revolutionizing the food and materials technology sectors, particularly in the realm of alternative proteins. CPT Capital's mission is to drive this revolution by partnering with visionary founders and supporting them from pre-seed stages through to IPO or sale. As a long-standing investor in the alternative protein space, CPT Capital focuses on plant-based proteins, biomass fermentation, recombinant proteins, and cultivated meat. Their portfolio includes groundbreaking companies like Impossible Foods, Beyond Meat, and Upside Foods, all of which are at the forefront of developing sustainable and innovative food solutions. CPT Capital seeks companies with products that directly replace animal-derived products and possess a strong technological or intellectual property component. The firm is geographically diverse, with investments spanning the US, Israel, Europe, the UK, and Asia. The firm is dedicated to addressing global challenges related to food production and sustainability, aiming to replace traditional animal protein sources with more sustainable alternatives. This approach not only promises environmental benefits but also aims to improve public health and resource efficiency.